23 • Mission Control sends a brief wake-up call to astronauts in a spaceship that is far from Earth. At a time 5.0 s after the call is sent, Mission Control can hear the groans of the astronauts. How far from Earth is the spaceship? (a) 7.5 × 10³ m, (b) 15 x 10³ m, (c) 30 x 10 m, (d) 45 x 10 m, (e) The spaceship is on the moon.

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Proper Length

The theory of special relativity explains the connection between space and time to objects that move in a straight line at a constant speed. The objects move at the speed of light. When an object approaches light speed, its mass is endless and cannot move faster than light. The most crucial postulate of Einstein's special relativity is that the laws of nature do not change in each frame of reference.