2.1 A regulator has a no-load output voltage of 12 V and a full-load output of 11.9 V  at a load current of 140 mA. Determine the voltage regulation as a percentage  change from no-load to full-load and also as a percentage change for each mA  change in load current. (6) 2.2 What are three types of switching regulators? (3)

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IGBT

IGBT stands for insulated gate bipolar transistor. It is a three-terminal device that is primarily used as an electronic switch which was developed to combine high efficiency and fast switching. IGBT is a conductivity-modulated device and consists of four layers, P-N-P-N which is controlled by a metal oxide semiconductor gate (MOS gate) structure. In the entire device operation range, the thyristor is completely suppressed and only the transistor action is permitted although the structure of IGBT is similar to the thyristor with a "MOS" gate. In higher power module, it has many applications. It is used in switching power supplies such as variable frequency drives, trains, electric cars, lamp ballasts, variable speed refrigerators, air conditioners, and arc welding machines. It is also used in switching amplifiers in industrial control systems and sound systems since it is designed to turn off and on rapidly because the IGBT can synthesize complex waveforms with low pass filters and pulse width modulation.