2. What type of test should the researchers use? OA. t-test for a sample mean OB. t-test for the slope of the regression line Oc. x² goodness of fit test OD. x² test of independence O E. Z-test for one population proportion 3. Which of the following conditions must be met for the hypothesis test to be valid? Select all that apply. DA. There must be at least 10 "success" and 10 "failure" observations. OB. There must be an expected count of at least 5 for each level of the categorical variable. C. Each case in the table must be independent of all other cases. DD. There must be at least 3 levels of the categorical variable. DE. The sample size must be at least 30 or the population data must be normally distributed.

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### Hypothesis Testing and Chi-Square Tests

#### 2. What type of test should the researchers use?
- A. T-test for a sample mean
- B. T-test for the slope of the regression line
- C. χ² goodness of fit test
- D. χ² test of independence
- E. Z-test for one population proportion

#### 3. Which of the following conditions must be met for the hypothesis test to be valid? Select all that apply.
- A. There must be at least 10 "success" and 10 "failure" observations.
- B. There must be an expected count of at least 5 for each level of the categorical variable.
- C. Each case in the table must be independent of all other cases.
- D. There must be at least 3 levels of the categorical variable.
- E. The sample size must be at least 30 or the population data must be normally distributed.

#### 4. What is the degrees of freedom for this test?
\[ \boxed{} \]

#### 5. Under the null hypothesis model, what is the expected count for Asian Americans?
\[ \boxed{} \]

#### 6. Calculate the contribution to the test statistic for Asian Americans:
\[ \boxed{} \]

#### 7. Calculate the test statistic for this procedure.
\[ \chi^2 = \boxed{} \]

#### 8. Based on the test statistic, calculate the p-value.
\[ \text{p-value} = \boxed{} \]

#### 9. The results of this test indicate that we have \(\boxed{\text{?}}\) evidence against the null hypothesis.
- Little
- Some
- Strong

#### Help Entering Answers:
[Help Entering Answers]

---

The list next to each question indicates the options or inputs expected from the students. The boxed spaces indicate where responses should be filled in. For questions requiring calculations, space is provided for students to input their computed values. The question formats include multiple-choice (as in question “3”), numerical input (questions “4” to “8”), and a combination of a drop-down menu for selecting appropriate evidence (question “9”).

When calculating the χ² test statistic and corresponding p-value, students must apply appropriate statistical formulas and may use statistical software or tools as instructed by their course.
Transcribed Image Text:### Hypothesis Testing and Chi-Square Tests #### 2. What type of test should the researchers use? - A. T-test for a sample mean - B. T-test for the slope of the regression line - C. χ² goodness of fit test - D. χ² test of independence - E. Z-test for one population proportion #### 3. Which of the following conditions must be met for the hypothesis test to be valid? Select all that apply. - A. There must be at least 10 "success" and 10 "failure" observations. - B. There must be an expected count of at least 5 for each level of the categorical variable. - C. Each case in the table must be independent of all other cases. - D. There must be at least 3 levels of the categorical variable. - E. The sample size must be at least 30 or the population data must be normally distributed. #### 4. What is the degrees of freedom for this test? \[ \boxed{} \] #### 5. Under the null hypothesis model, what is the expected count for Asian Americans? \[ \boxed{} \] #### 6. Calculate the contribution to the test statistic for Asian Americans: \[ \boxed{} \] #### 7. Calculate the test statistic for this procedure. \[ \chi^2 = \boxed{} \] #### 8. Based on the test statistic, calculate the p-value. \[ \text{p-value} = \boxed{} \] #### 9. The results of this test indicate that we have \(\boxed{\text{?}}\) evidence against the null hypothesis. - Little - Some - Strong #### Help Entering Answers: [Help Entering Answers] --- The list next to each question indicates the options or inputs expected from the students. The boxed spaces indicate where responses should be filled in. For questions requiring calculations, space is provided for students to input their computed values. The question formats include multiple-choice (as in question “3”), numerical input (questions “4” to “8”), and a combination of a drop-down menu for selecting appropriate evidence (question “9”). When calculating the χ² test statistic and corresponding p-value, students must apply appropriate statistical formulas and may use statistical software or tools as instructed by their course.
### Minority Models

#### Topic: Negative Stereotypical Depiction of Minorities in Media

Negative stereotypical depiction of minorities or their exclusion from advertisements in mainstream media has been found to have harmful social effects. Researchers are interested in answering the following question:

**Is the proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group different from its proportion of the U.S. population?**

The observed data in the table below is consistent with data collected from an analysis of magazine advertisements from 1993 and 1994. The table summarizes the frequency of the appearance of models in a total of 1527 advertisements. 

The population distribution values were taken from the 1990 census data.

|                   | African Americans | Asian Americans | Hispanic Americans | White Americans |
|-------------------|-------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------------|
| **1990 Census data (%)** | 12.1%             | 3.3%             | 9.0%                | 75.6%           |
| **Observed Data**         | 151               | 74               | 80                  | 1222            |

Round all calculated values to 4 decimal places where appropriate.

#### Hypotheses Formulation

1. **Select the phrases to complete the null and alternative hypotheses for this research situation.**

   - \(H_0\) (Null Hypothesis): The proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group is \(??\) its proportion of the U.S. population.
   - \(H_A\) (Alternative Hypothesis): The proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group is \(??\) its proportion of the U.S. population.

   Options for blanks: 
   - the same as
   - higher than
   - lower than
   - different from

#### Test Selection

2. **What type of test should the researchers use?**

   - A. t-test for a sample mean
   - B. t-test for the slope of the regression line
   - C. \(\chi^2\) goodness of fit test 
   - D. \(\chi^2\) test of independence
   - E. Z-test for one population proportion

Please choose the appropriate option based on the research question and the type of data available.
Transcribed Image Text:### Minority Models #### Topic: Negative Stereotypical Depiction of Minorities in Media Negative stereotypical depiction of minorities or their exclusion from advertisements in mainstream media has been found to have harmful social effects. Researchers are interested in answering the following question: **Is the proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group different from its proportion of the U.S. population?** The observed data in the table below is consistent with data collected from an analysis of magazine advertisements from 1993 and 1994. The table summarizes the frequency of the appearance of models in a total of 1527 advertisements. The population distribution values were taken from the 1990 census data. | | African Americans | Asian Americans | Hispanic Americans | White Americans | |-------------------|-------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------------| | **1990 Census data (%)** | 12.1% | 3.3% | 9.0% | 75.6% | | **Observed Data** | 151 | 74 | 80 | 1222 | Round all calculated values to 4 decimal places where appropriate. #### Hypotheses Formulation 1. **Select the phrases to complete the null and alternative hypotheses for this research situation.** - \(H_0\) (Null Hypothesis): The proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group is \(??\) its proportion of the U.S. population. - \(H_A\) (Alternative Hypothesis): The proportion of magazine advertisements portraying each racial group is \(??\) its proportion of the U.S. population. Options for blanks: - the same as - higher than - lower than - different from #### Test Selection 2. **What type of test should the researchers use?** - A. t-test for a sample mean - B. t-test for the slope of the regression line - C. \(\chi^2\) goodness of fit test - D. \(\chi^2\) test of independence - E. Z-test for one population proportion Please choose the appropriate option based on the research question and the type of data available.
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