Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
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The IUPAC nomenclature rules for the organic alkane, alkene and alkyne are:
- Identify the Longest Carbon Chain: Start by identifying the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. This chain is called the parent chain.
- Number the Chain: Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain sequentially, starting from the end that gives the lowest possible numbers to substituents (alkyl groups or other functional groups). This is done to minimize the locant (number) for substituents.
- Name Alkyl Substituents: Any alkyl substituent attached to the parent chain should be named as a separate word and placed in front of the parent chain's name. Use prefixes like "methyl" (CH3-), "ethyl" (C2H5-), "propyl" (C3H7-), etc.
- Use Hyphens and Commas: Separate numbers and words with hyphens. Use commas to separate numbers if multiple substituents are at the same carbon atom. For example, "2,2-dimethyl" means two methyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom, and "cyclo" is used for the cyclic compound.
- Suffix: The suffix for alkanes = -ane, alkenes = -ene and alkynes = -yne. Add it to the end of the parent chain's name.
- Alphabetical Order: When there are multiple substituents, list them in alphabetical order (based on the first letter of the substituent names) and use appropriate prefixes like "di-" (two), "tri-" (three), "tetra-" (four), etc., to indicate the number of each substituent.
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