2. The following questions apply to molecules X and Y. a. Determine the hybridisation of all atoms in the two molecules. b. Label each o bond, give the type of both orbitals (sp³, sp², sp or s) that make up the bond. Which orbitals are used to make up the bonds? c. Using your molecular model kit, choose atoms of the correct colour (white = H, black = C, blue = N and red = O) and correct shape for their hybridization (sp³ = 4 lobes, sp² = 5 lobes and sp= 6 lobes). Build the two models showing sigma bonds in grey and pi bonds in white. What are the angles around the central atom for sets of three atoms? O || H3C-C-CH3 and H₂C=C=CH₂ X Y
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Hybridization:
When more than one atomic orbital will mix then it will form a different kind of orbital, named hybridization.
There are three types of hybridization.
(a) sp- hybridization.
(b)
(c)
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