2. (LO1) In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.
2. (LO1) In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants.
a. How many factors does this study have? What are they?
b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.
5. (LO4) Explain why the main effects in a factorial study may not provide an accurate description of the results.
8. (LO5) For a two-factor research study with two levels for factor A and four levels for factor B, how many participants are needed to obtain five scores in each treatment condition for each of the following situations?
a. Both factors are between-subjects.
b. Both factors are within-subjects.
c. Factor A is a between-subjects factor and factor B is a within-subjects factor.
9. (LO5) A researcher would like to use a factorial study to compare two programs designed to help people stop smoking. The smoking behavior of each participant will be measured at the beginning of the program, at the end of the program, and again four months after the program has ended. Thus, the two treatment programs make up one factor, the three measurement times make up the second factor. For this study, which factor(s) should be between-subjects and which should be within-subjects? Explain your answer.
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