2. Identify the relationship between each pair of structures. Always be as specific as possible. Your choices are: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers. a) :0 b) :O FO c) OH OH Но- OH HO OH но- OH Но Но- -OH -O- OH OH OH -OH O- -HO- LOH -OH OH -OH -O- OH D-xylose D-arabinose D-xylose D-lyxose D-ribose D-ribulose f) d) OH OH OH FOH HO- но HO- OH HO- Но- Но- FOH OH Но- -OH Но OH OH OH Но HO- g) h) OH -OH HOCH2 HOCH, OH H H H. o OH -Он НО OH H он H. OH Но ÓH но H OH ÓH D-ribose D-gulose i) j) CH,OH Он но OH OH но- OH CH-OH он H OH -он но- OH но- -OH но OH H OH OH ÓH H.

Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
icon
Related questions
Question
**Exercise: Identifying Molecular Relationships**

**Objective:**
Identify the relationship between each pair of molecular structures. Be as specific as possible using the following categories: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers.

**Structural Pairs:**

a) **D-xylose** & **D-arabinose**

- Diagrams show linear structures with aldehyde groups at the top. 
- Both are pentoses with the positioning of hydroxyl groups differing.

b) **D-xylose** & **D-lyxose**

- Linear structures with differences at one stereocenter.
- Both are pentoses.

c) **D-ribose** & **D-ribulose**

- Ribose is an aldopentose, while ribulose is a ketopentose.

d) Two linear structures: 
   
- Similar positioning of hydroxyl groups.
  
e) Two linear structures:

- Both structures appear similar, with minor differences in hydroxyl placement.

f) Two linear structures:

- Differences in hydroxyl group placement.

g) **D-ribose** & **D-gulose**

- D-ribose is a five-carbon sugar, and D-gulose is a six-carbon sugar.

h) Two cyclic structures with the formula:

- Each has a five-membered ring with various hydrogen and hydroxyl group placements.

i) Two cyclic structures:

- Pyranose forms, six-membered rings showing differing side group orientations.

j) Two cyclic structures:

- Pyranose forms with differing side group orientations conflicting at the anomeric carbon.

**Graph/Diagram Explanation:**

- Each pair represents different sugar configurations.
- The carbon backbone structures are illustrated either in linear forms (a-g) or cyclic forms (h-j).
- The linear structures use Fischer projections to show each different stereocenter, while cyclic forms are in Haworth projections.
- Note the specific differences in alignment of OH (hydroxyl) groups which determine their stereochemical relationship.

**Discussion:**
Each comparison highlights the importance of stereochemistry in sugar molecules. The spatial arrangement of atoms is crucial for determining the sugar's properties and reactivity. Understanding these relationships aids in areas such as biochemistry and pharmacology where sugar molecules play essential roles.
Transcribed Image Text:**Exercise: Identifying Molecular Relationships** **Objective:** Identify the relationship between each pair of molecular structures. Be as specific as possible using the following categories: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers. **Structural Pairs:** a) **D-xylose** & **D-arabinose** - Diagrams show linear structures with aldehyde groups at the top. - Both are pentoses with the positioning of hydroxyl groups differing. b) **D-xylose** & **D-lyxose** - Linear structures with differences at one stereocenter. - Both are pentoses. c) **D-ribose** & **D-ribulose** - Ribose is an aldopentose, while ribulose is a ketopentose. d) Two linear structures: - Similar positioning of hydroxyl groups. e) Two linear structures: - Both structures appear similar, with minor differences in hydroxyl placement. f) Two linear structures: - Differences in hydroxyl group placement. g) **D-ribose** & **D-gulose** - D-ribose is a five-carbon sugar, and D-gulose is a six-carbon sugar. h) Two cyclic structures with the formula: - Each has a five-membered ring with various hydrogen and hydroxyl group placements. i) Two cyclic structures: - Pyranose forms, six-membered rings showing differing side group orientations. j) Two cyclic structures: - Pyranose forms with differing side group orientations conflicting at the anomeric carbon. **Graph/Diagram Explanation:** - Each pair represents different sugar configurations. - The carbon backbone structures are illustrated either in linear forms (a-g) or cyclic forms (h-j). - The linear structures use Fischer projections to show each different stereocenter, while cyclic forms are in Haworth projections. - Note the specific differences in alignment of OH (hydroxyl) groups which determine their stereochemical relationship. **Discussion:** Each comparison highlights the importance of stereochemistry in sugar molecules. The spatial arrangement of atoms is crucial for determining the sugar's properties and reactivity. Understanding these relationships aids in areas such as biochemistry and pharmacology where sugar molecules play essential roles.
Expert Solution
trending now

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

steps

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps with 1 images

Blurred answer
Knowledge Booster
Stereochemistry in Organic Reactions
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9780078021558
Author:
Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305079373
Author:
William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781118431221
Author:
Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard
Publisher:
WILEY