**Exercise: Identifying Molecular Relationships****Objective:**Identify the relationship between each pair of molecular structures. Be as specific as possible using the following categories: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers.**Structural Pairs:**a) **D-xylose** & **D-arabinose**- Diagrams show linear structures with aldehyde groups at the top. - Both are pentoses with the positioning of hydroxyl groups differing.b) **D-xylose** & **D-lyxose**- Linear structures with differences at one stereocenter.- Both are pentoses.c) **D-ribose** & **D-ribulose**- Ribose is an aldopentose, while ribulose is a ketopentose.d) Two linear structures: - Similar positioning of hydroxyl groups. e) Two linear structures:- Both structures appear similar, with minor differences in hydroxyl placement.f) Two linear structures:- Differences in hydroxyl group placement.g) **D-ribose** & **D-gulose**- D-ribose is a five-carbon sugar, and D-gulose is a six-carbon sugar.h) Two cyclic structures with the formula:- Each has a five-membered ring with various hydrogen and hydroxyl group placements.i) Two cyclic structures:- Pyranose forms, six-membered rings showing differing side group orientations.j) Two cyclic structures:- Pyranose forms with differing side group orientations conflicting at the anomeric carbon.**Graph/Diagram Explanation:**- Each pair represents different sugar configurations.- The carbon backbone structures are illustrated either in linear forms (a-g) or cyclic forms (h-j).- The linear structures use Fischer projections to show each different stereocenter, while cyclic forms are in Haworth projections.- Note the specific differences in alignment of OH (hydroxyl) groups which determine their stereochemical relationship.**Discussion:**Each comparison highlights the importance of stereochemistry in sugar molecules. The spatial arrangement of atoms is crucial for determining the sugar's properties and reactivity. Understanding these relationships aids in areas such as biochemistry and pharmacology where sugar molecules play essential roles.

Epimer- only one chiral centre configuration is different. Diasteriomer- only more than chiral centre configuration is different. Constitutional isomer- They have same molecular formula but different connectivity.

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Chemistry

2. Identify the relationship between each pair of structures. Always be as specific as possible. Your choices are: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers. a) :0 b) :O FO c) OH OH Но- OH HO OH но- OH Но Но- -OH -O- OH OH OH -OH O- -HO- LOH -OH OH -OH -O- OH D-xylose D-arabinose D-xylose D-lyxose D-ribose D-ribulose f) d) OH OH OH FOH HO- но HO- OH HO- Но- Но- FOH OH Но- -OH Но OH OH OH Но HO- g) h) OH -OH HOCH2 HOCH, OH H H H. o OH -Он НО OH H он H. OH Но ÓH но H OH ÓH D-ribose D-gulose i) j) CH,OH Он но OH OH но- OH CH-OH он H OH -он но- OH но- -OH но OH H OH OH ÓH H.

2. Identify the relationship between each pair of structures. Always be as specific as possible. Your choices are: constitutional isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers (not epimers), epimers, anomers, identical, or not isomers. a) :0 b) :O FO c) OH OH Но- OH HO OH но- OH Но Но- -OH -O- OH OH OH -OH O- -HO- LOH -OH OH -OH -O- OH D-xylose D-arabinose D-xylose D-lyxose D-ribose D-ribulose f) d) OH OH OH FOH HO- но HO- OH HO- Но- Но- FOH OH Но- -OH Но OH OH OH Но HO- g) h) OH -OH HOCH2 HOCH, OH H H H. o OH -Он НО OH H он H. OH Но ÓH но H OH ÓH D-ribose D-gulose i) j) CH,OH Он но OH OH но- OH CH-OH он H OH -он но- OH но- -OH но OH H OH OH ÓH H.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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