2. During an excavation for a tunnel, 250 m below ground level, a highly fractured siltstone rock mass with two major joint sets and many random fractures is encountered. The RQD from the rock cores is 55% and the average UCS is 92 MPa. The joints with average spacing of 75 mm are rather continuous with high persistence with apertures of 3-5 mm, and they are filled with silty clay. The joint surface walls are highly weathered, undulating, and slickensided. There is some water inflow into the tunnel estimated as 15 L/min per 10 m of tunnel length, with some outwash of joint fillings. Estimate RMR, Q and GSI. Assume a unit weight of 28 kN/m³ for the rock mass.

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Sediment transport

Sediment transport or Soil transport is the movement of solid particles, usually due to the combination of gravitational forces acting on the sediment, and the movement of the liquid at which the sediment enters. Soil erosion occurs in natural systems where the particles are sandstones (sand, rocks), mud, or clay; the liquid is air, water, or ice; and the gravitational force that works to move particles to the landing surface. Sediment transportation or soil migration due to the movement of liquids occurs in rivers, lakes, lakes, oceans, and other bodies of water as a result of currents and waves. Transportation is also caused by glaciers as they flow, and to places on earth under the influence of wind. Soil erosion due to gravity alone is possible in most sloping areas, including hills, scarves, cliffs, and the continental shelf — the continental boundary of the slope.