2. Below we show an example day from CA-ISO and ERCOT's (the grid operators for California and Texas' electricity grid respectively) online data dashboards. From this data, we can estimate both the average and marginal emissions rates (see Table 1). Table 1: Emissions Factors for CA and TX in example days (both average and marginal emissions in units of [kg CO₂/MWh]) Hour 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 CA avg em 265 268 274 264 267 271 269 226 CA marg em 250 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 TX avg em 349 389 403 383 349 325 370 393 TX marg em 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 500 Hour 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 CA avg em 157 110 112 108 116 104 99 102 CA marg em 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TX avg em 400 374 359 347 350 355 353 351 TX marg em 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Hour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CA avg em 101 120 176 259 272 273 275 288 CA marg em 600 600 600 500 500 500 500 500 TX avg em 365 370 374 409 450 458 435 400 TX marg em 500 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 a. Calculate the total CO₂ emissions of charging a 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 24-hour time-period in California vs Texas using both an average approach and a marginal approach. How do each of the calculations compare? b. Repeat 3a, but now charging the 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 6-hour time-period from 2pm-8pm. How do these results compare to 3a? c. What would the fuel efficiency of a gas car need to be to match the total emissions calculated from 3a and 3b assuming the EV had an operating efficiency of 0.3 kWh/mi?
2. Below we show an example day from CA-ISO and ERCOT's (the grid operators for California and Texas' electricity grid respectively) online data dashboards. From this data, we can estimate both the average and marginal emissions rates (see Table 1). Table 1: Emissions Factors for CA and TX in example days (both average and marginal emissions in units of [kg CO₂/MWh]) Hour 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 CA avg em 265 268 274 264 267 271 269 226 CA marg em 250 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 TX avg em 349 389 403 383 349 325 370 393 TX marg em 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 500 Hour 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 CA avg em 157 110 112 108 116 104 99 102 CA marg em 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TX avg em 400 374 359 347 350 355 353 351 TX marg em 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Hour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CA avg em 101 120 176 259 272 273 275 288 CA marg em 600 600 600 500 500 500 500 500 TX avg em 365 370 374 409 450 458 435 400 TX marg em 500 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 a. Calculate the total CO₂ emissions of charging a 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 24-hour time-period in California vs Texas using both an average approach and a marginal approach. How do each of the calculations compare? b. Repeat 3a, but now charging the 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 6-hour time-period from 2pm-8pm. How do these results compare to 3a? c. What would the fuel efficiency of a gas car need to be to match the total emissions calculated from 3a and 3b assuming the EV had an operating efficiency of 0.3 kWh/mi?
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
Related questions
Question
![2. Below we show an example day from CA-ISO and ERCOT's (the grid operators for California and
Texas' electricity grid respectively) online data dashboards. From this data, we can estimate both
the average and marginal emissions rates (see Table 1).
Table 1: Emissions Factors for CA and TX in example days (both average and marginal emissions in units of [kg CO₂/MWh])
Hour
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
CA avg em
265
268
274
264
267
271
269
226
CA marg em
250
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
TX avg em
349
389
403
383
349
325
370
393
TX marg em
0
500
500
500
500
0
0
500
Hour
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CA avg em
157
110
112
108
116
104
99
102
CA marg em
400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TX avg em
400
374
359
347
350
355
353
351
TX marg em
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Hour
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CA avg em
101
120
176
259
272
273
275
288
CA marg em
600
600
600
500
500
500
500
500
TX avg em
365
370
374
409
450
458
435
400
TX marg em
500
500
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
0
a. Calculate the total CO₂ emissions of charging a 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a
24-hour time-period in California vs Texas using both an average approach and a
marginal approach. How do each of the calculations compare?
b. Repeat 3a, but now charging the 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 6-hour
time-period from 2pm-8pm. How do these results compare to 3a?
c. What would the fuel efficiency of a gas car need to be to match the total emissions
calculated from 3a and 3b assuming the EV had an operating efficiency of 0.3 kWh/mi?](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F216015d9-daff-4e98-b3d1-7f3f5202e820%2F4e7413bf-4834-4ce8-8ca0-92abd4ca49bb%2F8dt4d1r_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:2. Below we show an example day from CA-ISO and ERCOT's (the grid operators for California and
Texas' electricity grid respectively) online data dashboards. From this data, we can estimate both
the average and marginal emissions rates (see Table 1).
Table 1: Emissions Factors for CA and TX in example days (both average and marginal emissions in units of [kg CO₂/MWh])
Hour
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
CA avg em
265
268
274
264
267
271
269
226
CA marg em
250
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
TX avg em
349
389
403
383
349
325
370
393
TX marg em
0
500
500
500
500
0
0
500
Hour
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CA avg em
157
110
112
108
116
104
99
102
CA marg em
400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TX avg em
400
374
359
347
350
355
353
351
TX marg em
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Hour
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CA avg em
101
120
176
259
272
273
275
288
CA marg em
600
600
600
500
500
500
500
500
TX avg em
365
370
374
409
450
458
435
400
TX marg em
500
500
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
0
a. Calculate the total CO₂ emissions of charging a 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a
24-hour time-period in California vs Texas using both an average approach and a
marginal approach. How do each of the calculations compare?
b. Repeat 3a, but now charging the 100 kWh EV battery uniformly over a 6-hour
time-period from 2pm-8pm. How do these results compare to 3a?
c. What would the fuel efficiency of a gas car need to be to match the total emissions
calculated from 3a and 3b assuming the EV had an operating efficiency of 0.3 kWh/mi?
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