2. (a) Using your knowledge of the circular flow of income and interpreting the data given above, explain how changes in unemployment rate affected aggregate demand and aggregate supply. (b) Between 2007 and 2014, unemployment fell from 8.7% to 7.1%. Some argue that government attempts to reduce unemployment inevitably led to trade-offs with other macroeconomic policy objectives. Analyse the tables above and explain whether you agree or not.
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- Unemployment rates have been higher in many European countries in recent decades than in the United States. Is the main reason for this long-term difference in unemployment rates more likely to be cyclical unemployment or the natural rate of unemployment? Explain briefly.Two main macroeconomic concerns are the problems of inflation andunemployment.a. What are the social costs of inflation? Explain TWO of them? b. What is natural rate of unemployment? Explain the TWO main causesof natural rate of unemployment. With reference specifically to ONEof these causes, suggest ONE practical government policy that reducesthe natural rate of unemployment.11) Explain what is meant by ‘involuntary unemployment’ and how economists from different schools of thought might address it?
- 1. Consider labor market in an economy. In a classical model, you can think that each worker comes with one unit of effort. In a Keynesian model effort makes a difference. Suppose that the efficiency wage is above labor market equilibrium. (a) Draw a graph where you can show both employment and unemployment predicted by each model. Discuss unemployment under both models. (b) Now suppose a negative productivity shock hits the economy. How would employment and unemployment change under both Classical and Keynesian model. Show your results on a graph. (c) When the economy is hit by a negative productivity shock, workers are worried about their jobs and they start working harder, that is they increase their effort from two to three. (Note that in the Classical model this is not possible. their effort level is still unity.) How would this affect employment, unemployment and output in the Keynesian model? (d) This time, suppose there is a positive productivity shock. Draw a graph and show…1) Assume that the real wage in an economy is held above equilibrium. a. Graphically illustrate how an increase in demand for labor will change the number of unemployed workers. Be sure to label the axes and the quantities of labor hired before and after the increase in demand . b. Explain in words what happens to the number of unemployed as a result of this change1. if there is an increase of unemployment rate in the labor market, what would you recommend as a set of policies or programs to address such problems. Illustrate your recommendations geometrically (i.e., graphically).
- 1) True or False a)True or False? The unemployment rate measures the percentage of the adult populationthat is unemployed. b) True or False? The natural rate of unemployment is a positive rate of unemployment thatalways exists in a dynamic, ever-changing economy like that of the U.S c) The natural rate of unemployment (is zero, is constant, is positive and can change overtime).1) Assume that the real wage in an economy is held above equilibrium. a. Graphically illustrate how an increase in demand for labor will change the number of unemployed workers. Be sure to label the axes and the quantities of labor hired before and after the increase in demand. b. Explain in words what happens to the number of unemployed as a result of this change. 2) In an economy, if 5 percent of the employed lose their job every month (s = 0.05) while 15 percent of the unemployed find a job every month (f = 0.15), what is the steady rate (equilibrium rate) of unemployment of the economy?1. Give an example to illustrate how the economy can operate below the natural unemployment rate.
- 2. Suppose you are the governor of Country A and you have observed some changes in your country. Identify the likely impact on Country A with the economic concepts we have discussed in this course. i. Establishment of more labour unions in many industries in the country ii. A widespread of global pandemiciii. An abolishment of minimum wage lawiv. Much more educated workers than a decade before How would the unemployment rate be affected in each of the above cases? Identify the specific type of unemployment (frictional, structural or cyclical unemployment) affected in each case.7. Suppose the government decides to reduce the marginal income tax rate across all income brackets, effectively making it more attractive for workers to provide their labor. a. Use the labor market diagram model to illustrate this shock; be sure to label your initial equilibrium and your new equilibrium. b. Assuming the population and the labor force are held constant, explain what the effect of the shock is on wages, the employment-to-population ratio and unemployment. c. If we did not hold the labor force constant, how might your answer to part b change? d. Suppose that wages are rigid and do not immediately adjust to the shock. How might this impact unemployment in the short-run?1. Suppose that 20,000 of the employed switches to jobs in the underground economy. When interviewed by STATIN, 50% of these switchers report that they are not working and not seeking work, while the other 50% report that they are not working but seeking work. a. Explain what happens to the official unemployment rate and the “true” unemployment rate. b. Illustrate and carefully explain the impact of an increase in the income tax rate from 25 percent to 35 percent on the demand for labour, supply of labour, equilibrium wage and level of employment.