2. A rectangular beam having b = 10 in. and d = 17.5 in. spans 15 ft face to face of simple supports. It is reinforced for flexure with three No. 9 (No. 29) bars that continue uninterrupted to the ends of the span. It is to carry service dead load D = 1.27 kips/ft (including self-weight) and service live load L 3.70 kips/ft, both uniformly distributed along the span. Design the shear rein- forcement, using No. 3 (No. 10) vertical U stirrups. The more approximate Eq. (4.12b) for V. may be used. Material strengths are f 4000 psi and f, = 60,000 psi.

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.