2. A point A is 50 mm above the H.P. and 15 mm behind the V.P. A point B is 20 mm below H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P. The distance between the projectors of A and B is 70 mm. (i.) Draw the projections ab and a'b' of the straight line AB. (ii.) Determine the traces of the line joining A and B. (iii.) Determine the inclination of the straight with reference planes. (iv.) Determine the true length of straight line AB. 3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end A in both the H.P. and the V.P. It is inclined at 45° to the H.P. and at 30° to the V.P. and it lies in third quadrant. Draw its projections. 4. A line CD 100 mm long is inclined at an angle 30° with H.P. and at angles 40° with V.P. Its mid- point is in V.P. and 15 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections, if its end C is in first quadrant and end D in the third quadrant.

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Budget Estimating

The term budget signifies a plan over the long run, generally, a year that covers the financial expenses and revenues of any organization. This budget plan is known to estimate the growth and success of any organization. Civil engineering companies utilize project budgets for estimating project costs, construction costs, and other direct and indirect costs related to the project being undertaken. Project budget is a detailed statistical tool primarily used by project managers to estimate the overall project cost. The project budget is in the form of a document that includes all the costs which are incurred during the project undertaking and after the completion of the project. Large commercial projects have the project budget estimate in the form of large detailed pieces of documents which include every cost estimate regarding man and materials. Labor costs, material procurement costs, construction costs, and operational costs are some of the costs that are incurred during the project execution and planning phase.