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- Two firms, A and B, are each considering trying to develop a newwidget. Whichever firm is first to develop the new widget wins a patent worth $20 million plus a penny.Developing a new widget involves several ‘steps’. The firms alternate moves, with A moving first, until oneof them wins the patent. All moves are observed. In each turn, a firm can choose whether to take 0, 1, or2 development ‘steps’. Taking 0 steps in a turn costs that firm $0. Taking 1 step in a turn costs $4 million.And taking 2 steps in a turn costs $11 million. For simplicity, assume a zero discount rate. Initially, eachfirm is 4 steps away from completing development.(a) Describe and explain carefully what will happen in this patent race and why. [Hint: it may help toread Dutta ch 12 (but notice I changed the numbers).](b) Very briefly explain what is the economic rationale for granting ‘intellectual property rights’ such aspatents. What are some disadvantages for society of granting such rights?10 logging firms use a forest to collect timber. Each firm i must choose how many trees to cut, gj The benefit of cutting a tree is 1000 -2G per tree, where G is the total quantity of trees cut in the forest. The marginal cost of cutting a tree is 10G. Firms do not face any fixed costs. In a Nash Equilibrium, O Each firm cuts 125 trees O Each firm cuts 125/10 trees O Each firm cuts 125/4 trees O Each firm cuts 5 treesSave Answer Consider two cigarette companies, PM Inc. and Brown Inc. If neither company advertises, the two companies spit the market and earn $60 million each. If they both advertise, they again split the market, but profits are lower by $20 million since each company must bear the cost of advertisirlg. Yet if one company advertises while the other does not, the one that advertises attracts customers from the other. In this case, the company that advertises earns $70 million while the company that does not advertise earns only $30 million. What will these two companies do if they behave as individual profit maximizers? Neither company will advertise, and PM Inc. earns $60. One company will advertise, the other will not. Brown Inc. earns $70. Both companies will advertise, and PM Inc. earns $40. Both companies will advertise, and PM Inc. earns $60.
- Belge1 - Word eri Gözden Geçir Görünüm Yardım Ne yapmak istediğinizi söyleyin 1) Two firms, X and Y, are planning to market their new products. Each firm can develop TV, Laptop. Market research indicates that the resulting profits to each firm for the alternative strategies are given by the following payoff matrix ! FIRM Y TV LAPTOP PHONE FIRM X TV 30, 30 60. 35 20, 50 LAPTOP 40,70 20, 20 50,80 PHONE 50,20 80,50 10,10 A) Find the Nash equilibria for this game, assuming that both firms make their decisions at the same time. (explain the decision step by step); B) If each firm is risk averse and uses a maximin strategy, what will be the resulting equilibrium? (explain the decision step by step); C) What will be the equilibrium if Firm X makes its selection first? If Firm Y goes first?:A producer of manure is located next to a bakery. The producer of manure produces M pounds of manure daily and earns profits of 156M - M². The bakery sells C' cakes daily, and it earns profits of 312C-C²-MC (the strong smell of manure drives away the appetite of many would-be customers of the bakery). In a competitive equilibrium solution, where each business seeks to maximize profits, a total of if be sold daily. From a social point of view, the producer of manure should not produce at all. Choose one: A. true B. false pounds of manure willfnan421 WWord Gozden Geç r Gorunum Varc m Ne yaomak steci gnz soy evn 1) Two firms, X and Y, are planning to market their new products. Each firm can develop either TV or Laptop. Market research indicates that the resulting profits to each firm for the alternative strategies are given by the following payoff matrix: FIRM Y TV LAPTOP FIRM X TV 30, 30 50, 35 LAPTOP 40,70 20, 20 A) If both firms make their decisions at the same time and follow maximin (low-risk) strategies, what will the outcome be? B) Suppose both firms try to maximize profits, but Firm X has a head start in planning, and can commit first. Now what will the outcome be? What will the outcome be if Firm Y has a head start in planning and can commit first? I
- 1. Find all subgame perfect nash equilibrium 2. Find a nash equilibrium that is not SPNE, and explain why it is not an SPNE.II.2 Companies A and B can compete on advertising or R&D. The profits (in millions of $ million) of the two firms are given in the table below assumig that they play a one-shot simultancous mov game (the profit or firm A is listed first in every cell of the matrix, followed by the profit of firm B): Advertising R&D 50, 25 10, 70 20, 40 60, 35 1. Find the mixed strategy equilibrium. A\B Advertising R&D 2. What are the expected profits for both firms in this equilibrium?The payoff matrix below is for two firms, A and B, deciding the quantity of their output levels. What is the dominant strategy of each firm? icrosc Firm B Strategy High output Low output High output 100, 80 0, 125 Firm A Low output 65, 0 40, 65 Both firms produce low levels of output. DO cGill Both firms produce high levels of output. Temp Firm A's dominant strategy is to produce low levels of output, but Firm B does not have a dominant strategy. Order Article O Firm B's dominant strategy is to produce low levels of output, but Firm A does not have a dominant strategy. Neither firm has a dominant strategy. oy 00 halysis
- 6. Consider two ice cream sellers competing at a beach that is 1000 metres long. Ice cream prices are fixed by the ice cream company, but companies can choose their locations simultaneously. Customers are located uniformly (spread out evenly on the beach) and do not like walking. The cost of walking every metre is the same (i.e. linear cost). Where will the ice cream stands be located in the Nash equilibrium if the locations are chosen simultaneously? а. b. What are the socially optimal locations, i.e. the best from society's point of view that minimise transportation cost? Are the locations in the Nash equilibrium different from the socially optimal locations? Explain. Suppose there are three ice cream sellers that locate simultaneously. Find the Nash equilibrium is there is one. Else, explain why there is none. (Focus on pure strategy Nash equilibria) С.. Using a payoff matrix to determine the equilibrium outcome Suppose there are only two firms that sell tablets: Padmania and Capturesque. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn, depending on whether it sets a high or low price for its tablets. Capturesque Pricing High Low Padmania Pricing High 9, 9 3, 15 Low 15, 3 7, 7 For example, the lower-left cell shows that if Padmania prices low and Capturesque prices high, Padmania will earn a profit of $15 million, and Capturesque will earn a profit of $3 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Padmania and Capturesque are both profit-maximizing firms. If Padmania prices high, Capturesque will make more profit if it chooses a price, and if Padmania prices low, Capturesque will make more profit if it chooses a price. If Capturesque prices high, Padmania will make more profit if it chooses a price, and if Capturesque prices low, Padmania…fnan421 - Word Teri Gozden Geçir Görünum Yardım Ne yapmak istediğinizi soyleyin 2) Two firms, X and Y, are planning to market their new products. Each firm can develop TV, Laptop. Market research indicates that the resulting profits to each firm for the alternative strategies are given by the following payoff matrixi FIRM Y TV LAPTOP PHONE FIRM X TV 30, 30 50, 35 20, 50 LAPTOP 40,70 20, 20 50,80 PHONE 50,20 80,50 10,10 A) What will be the equilibrium if Firm X makes its selection first? If Firm Y goes first? ; (Ctrl) -