2 In earth dam is bullt on an impervious foundation with a horizontal filter at the base flow channels and 16 head drops. Estimate the seepage loss per metre length of the the filter. A fow net constructed for the transformed section of the dam, consists of 4 3x 10' mm/see und Ix 10* mm/see respectively. The full reservoir level is 30 m above near the toe. The permeability of the soil in the horizontal and vertical directions are dam.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.