19.Chemosynthesis is performed by ______. a.tube worms b.symbiotic bacteria c.phytoplankton
19.Chemosynthesis is performed by ______. a.tube worms b.symbiotic bacteria c.phytoplankton
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1LR
Related questions
Question
19.Chemosynthesis is performed by ______.
a.tube worms
b.symbiotic bacteria
c.phytoplankton
![Figure 8B-4 provides the location of hydrothermal vent systems found from 1977 to 2016, based on data from The Deep-Sea Vent Discoveries dataset. At the time of writing more than 550 vent fields are estimated across the global ocean.
Global Distribution of Hydrothermal Vent Fields
30'E
60'E
90'E
120'E
150'E
180
150'W 120'W 90'W
60'W
30 W
90'N
Gakkel Ridge
60'N
Juan
Hellenik
Aleutian Arc
de Fuca
Kuril Arc
Ridge
Aeoli
30'N
zu-Bunin Arc
Red
Sea
Mariapa Arc
and Back-Arc
iantic Ridge
Lesser
Antilles
nus Basin
Arc
Galapag
Rift
Basin
Central
Indian
• Ridge
Woodlark
Basin
Tonga Arc
and L
Back-Arc
New
Hebrid
30's
S.E. Indian Ridge
Kermadec Arc
Chile Rise
E Scotia
Ridge
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
60'S
Bransheld
Strait
90'S
Mid-ocean ridge
• Active
Intra-plate volcano
& Other
Ridge & Transform
Arc volcano
A Active
Back-arc spreading center
INTER
RIDGE
IActive
--- Trench
O Unconfirmed
A Unconfirmed
O Unconfirmed
• Active
Exclusive Economic Zones
Figure 8B-4. Active (red) and unconfirmed (yellow) hydrothermal vent fields across the global ocean. [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Link 8B-4]
abpry upul MS](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F03b1462a-0e5a-4a37-baae-06e9953f8b62%2F4385fb81-1dac-4439-9a1e-76e0e6a59718%2Flh58wjm_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Figure 8B-4 provides the location of hydrothermal vent systems found from 1977 to 2016, based on data from The Deep-Sea Vent Discoveries dataset. At the time of writing more than 550 vent fields are estimated across the global ocean.
Global Distribution of Hydrothermal Vent Fields
30'E
60'E
90'E
120'E
150'E
180
150'W 120'W 90'W
60'W
30 W
90'N
Gakkel Ridge
60'N
Juan
Hellenik
Aleutian Arc
de Fuca
Kuril Arc
Ridge
Aeoli
30'N
zu-Bunin Arc
Red
Sea
Mariapa Arc
and Back-Arc
iantic Ridge
Lesser
Antilles
nus Basin
Arc
Galapag
Rift
Basin
Central
Indian
• Ridge
Woodlark
Basin
Tonga Arc
and L
Back-Arc
New
Hebrid
30's
S.E. Indian Ridge
Kermadec Arc
Chile Rise
E Scotia
Ridge
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
60'S
Bransheld
Strait
90'S
Mid-ocean ridge
• Active
Intra-plate volcano
& Other
Ridge & Transform
Arc volcano
A Active
Back-arc spreading center
INTER
RIDGE
IActive
--- Trench
O Unconfirmed
A Unconfirmed
O Unconfirmed
• Active
Exclusive Economic Zones
Figure 8B-4. Active (red) and unconfirmed (yellow) hydrothermal vent fields across the global ocean. [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Link 8B-4]
abpry upul MS
![Life in the Deep: Hydrothermal Vent Systems
Most organisms in the ocean live within the photic zone, the upper 200 m (650 ft). They depend on the Sun to fuel autotrophs that form the basis of the marine food web. Life also exists deep on the ocean floor. These organisms do not photosynthesize organic carbon for food; instead they use chemicals that seep from Earth's hot interior along hydrothermal vents in a
process called chemosynthesis. During chemosynthesis, bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to convert nutrients into organic carbon.
Most vent systems are more than 3000 m (2 mi.) beneath the water's surface so very little organic carbon filters through the water column to these remote locations. In addition to the absence of sunlight, the abiotic factors that influence this ecosystem are intense pressure (300 bars), extreme temperature (2-403°C or 26-760°F), and the absence of sunlight. Figure 8B-2
shows the cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system, where cool water seeps through cracks in the ocean floor and interacts with hot water close to a magma source. Chemical ions are exchanged between the ocean water and the magma. As the super-heated ocean water exits the vent system, it interacts with the cold ocean water. Ions in the super-heated plume of
water precipitate, forming a plume of tiny, solid minerals that resembles smoke. This plume of minerals gives rise to the common name of black smokers for hydrothermal vent systems. The ions accumulate around the vent opening, producing large chimneys. The vent water also provides the fuel for chemosynthesis.
2°C
0.1 cm/s
Oxyanions, (HPO,, HVO,, Cro,, HASO,?), REE, Trace Metals
He, Mn2*, H,S,0,4, FEOOH, MnO2, AT, CH, Fe2+, Fe,S,²Rn, H, H,S
2.05°C
Precipitation
Chimney
(Black Smoker)
HOT
(focussed)
flow
Basalt
Sub Seafloor
Microbial Biosphere
350°C
WARM
...diffuse)
flow
2-60°C
Basalt
M,2
Spreading
Axis
O Metalliferous Sediments
OIron-Magnesium Crusts
H*, Cr, Fe2*, Mn²*,
H,SiO, He, H,S, CH,, CO, H,
Ca", K*, Li*, Cư", Zn* Pb*
Seawater
Evolved
Figure 8B-2. Cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system. [NOAA OER, Link 8B-2]
Because of the harsh environment, hydrothermal vent ecosystems are home to some of the most unique organisms on the planet's surface. Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vent systems, including the tube worms in Figure 8B-3.The red plumes on the tube worm house symbiotic bacteria that perform chemosynthesis. These bacteria are able
to use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) from the vent plume as the energy source to produce organic carbon that provides food for the entire ecosystem. The remaining vent organisms rely on the food supply produced by the tube worms for survival. Other prominent members of the vent community are fish, dandelions, crabs, clams, mussels, shrimp, limpets, and
octopuses.
Seawater
Seawater](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F03b1462a-0e5a-4a37-baae-06e9953f8b62%2F4385fb81-1dac-4439-9a1e-76e0e6a59718%2Fadrimr_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Life in the Deep: Hydrothermal Vent Systems
Most organisms in the ocean live within the photic zone, the upper 200 m (650 ft). They depend on the Sun to fuel autotrophs that form the basis of the marine food web. Life also exists deep on the ocean floor. These organisms do not photosynthesize organic carbon for food; instead they use chemicals that seep from Earth's hot interior along hydrothermal vents in a
process called chemosynthesis. During chemosynthesis, bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to convert nutrients into organic carbon.
Most vent systems are more than 3000 m (2 mi.) beneath the water's surface so very little organic carbon filters through the water column to these remote locations. In addition to the absence of sunlight, the abiotic factors that influence this ecosystem are intense pressure (300 bars), extreme temperature (2-403°C or 26-760°F), and the absence of sunlight. Figure 8B-2
shows the cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system, where cool water seeps through cracks in the ocean floor and interacts with hot water close to a magma source. Chemical ions are exchanged between the ocean water and the magma. As the super-heated ocean water exits the vent system, it interacts with the cold ocean water. Ions in the super-heated plume of
water precipitate, forming a plume of tiny, solid minerals that resembles smoke. This plume of minerals gives rise to the common name of black smokers for hydrothermal vent systems. The ions accumulate around the vent opening, producing large chimneys. The vent water also provides the fuel for chemosynthesis.
2°C
0.1 cm/s
Oxyanions, (HPO,, HVO,, Cro,, HASO,?), REE, Trace Metals
He, Mn2*, H,S,0,4, FEOOH, MnO2, AT, CH, Fe2+, Fe,S,²Rn, H, H,S
2.05°C
Precipitation
Chimney
(Black Smoker)
HOT
(focussed)
flow
Basalt
Sub Seafloor
Microbial Biosphere
350°C
WARM
...diffuse)
flow
2-60°C
Basalt
M,2
Spreading
Axis
O Metalliferous Sediments
OIron-Magnesium Crusts
H*, Cr, Fe2*, Mn²*,
H,SiO, He, H,S, CH,, CO, H,
Ca", K*, Li*, Cư", Zn* Pb*
Seawater
Evolved
Figure 8B-2. Cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system. [NOAA OER, Link 8B-2]
Because of the harsh environment, hydrothermal vent ecosystems are home to some of the most unique organisms on the planet's surface. Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vent systems, including the tube worms in Figure 8B-3.The red plumes on the tube worm house symbiotic bacteria that perform chemosynthesis. These bacteria are able
to use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) from the vent plume as the energy source to produce organic carbon that provides food for the entire ecosystem. The remaining vent organisms rely on the food supply produced by the tube worms for survival. Other prominent members of the vent community are fish, dandelions, crabs, clams, mussels, shrimp, limpets, and
octopuses.
Seawater
Seawater
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution!
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
Recommended textbooks for you
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science …
Earth Science
ISBN:
9780134746241
Author:
Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:
PEARSON
Exercises for Weather & Climate (9th Edition)
Earth Science
ISBN:
9780134041360
Author:
Greg Carbone
Publisher:
PEARSON
Environmental Science
Earth Science
ISBN:
9781260153125
Author:
William P Cunningham Prof., Mary Ann Cunningham Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science …
Earth Science
ISBN:
9780134746241
Author:
Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:
PEARSON
Exercises for Weather & Climate (9th Edition)
Earth Science
ISBN:
9780134041360
Author:
Greg Carbone
Publisher:
PEARSON
Environmental Science
Earth Science
ISBN:
9781260153125
Author:
William P Cunningham Prof., Mary Ann Cunningham Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Earth Science (15th Edition)
Earth Science
ISBN:
9780134543536
Author:
Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:
PEARSON
Environmental Science (MindTap Course List)
Earth Science
ISBN:
9781337569613
Author:
G. Tyler Miller, Scott Spoolman
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Physical Geology
Earth Science
ISBN:
9781259916823
Author:
Plummer, Charles C., CARLSON, Diane H., Hammersley, Lisa
Publisher:
Mcgraw-hill Education,