19. It is well known, and scientifically documented, that yawning is contagious. When we see some- one else yawn, or even think about someone yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves. (In fact, we predict that you are starting to want to yawn right now.) In a study of yawning con- tagion, researchers showed participants one of several pictures, including a picture of a man yawning, the same man smiling, a yawning man with his mouth covered, or a yawning man with his eyes obscured (Provine et al. 1989). Partici- pants yawned much more often when shown the yawner than the smiler, but surprisingly an identical number also yawned when shown the picture with the mouth obscured. This suggests that something besides the mouth is an impor- tant trigger. What about the eyes? Seventeen of 30 participants yawned when confronted with a picture of a yawning man, while 11 of 30 independent participants yawned when shown a

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I don’t know how to get the expected values. I need to make a contingency table to do the x^2 test but I’m confused
19. It is well known, and scientifically documented,
that yawning is contagious. When we see some-
one else yawn, or even think about someone
yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves.
(In fact, we predict that you are starting to want
to yawn right now.) In a study of yawning con-
tagion, researchers showed participants one of
several pictures, including a picture of a man
yawning, the same man smiling, a yawning man
with his mouth covered, or a yawning man with
his eyes obscured (Provine et al. 1989). Partici-
pants yawned much more often when shown
the yawner than the smiler, but surprisingly an
identical number also yawned when shown the
picture with the mouth obscured. This suggests
that something besides the mouth is an impor-
tant trigger. What about the eyes? Seventeen of
30 participants yawned when confronted with
a picture of a yawning man, while 11 of 30
independent participants yawned when shown a
picture of a yawning man with his eyes covered.
Is there evidence in these data that covering the
yawning man's eyes in an image changes the
occurrence of contagious yawns?
Transcribed Image Text:19. It is well known, and scientifically documented, that yawning is contagious. When we see some- one else yawn, or even think about someone yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves. (In fact, we predict that you are starting to want to yawn right now.) In a study of yawning con- tagion, researchers showed participants one of several pictures, including a picture of a man yawning, the same man smiling, a yawning man with his mouth covered, or a yawning man with his eyes obscured (Provine et al. 1989). Partici- pants yawned much more often when shown the yawner than the smiler, but surprisingly an identical number also yawned when shown the picture with the mouth obscured. This suggests that something besides the mouth is an impor- tant trigger. What about the eyes? Seventeen of 30 participants yawned when confronted with a picture of a yawning man, while 11 of 30 independent participants yawned when shown a picture of a yawning man with his eyes covered. Is there evidence in these data that covering the yawning man's eyes in an image changes the occurrence of contagious yawns?
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