Can I get help with 19 please ### Hypothesis Testing: Treatment Independence**Objective**: To test the claim that treatment is independent of the reaction (occurrence of headaches).**Significance Level**: 0.05Given Data:| | Drug | Placebo ||-------------|------|---------|| Headaches | 18 | 20 || No Headaches| 82 | 70 |**Steps to be Included**:1. **Formulate the Hypotheses**: - Null Hypothesis (H0): Treatment is independent of the reaction (i.e., the treatment has no effect on the occurrence of headaches). - Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Treatment is not independent of the reaction (i.e., the treatment has an effect on the occurrence of headaches).2. **Determine the Test Statistic**: - Use the Chi-Square test for independence. - Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell in the contingency table.3. **Calculate the Chi-Square Test Statistic**: - Use the formula: χ² = Σ [(Observed - Expected)² / Expected]. - Compare the observed frequencies in the table to the expected frequencies assuming the null hypothesis is true. 4. **Determine the Critical Value and P-value**: - Use a Chi-Square distribution table to find the critical value for α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom (df) = (rows - 1) * (columns - 1). - Calculate the p-value associated with the test statistic.5. **Make a Decision**: - If the test statistic exceeds the critical value or if the p-value is less than 0.05, reject the null hypothesis. - Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis.**Visual Representation**:There is a table representing the frequency of individuals experiencing headaches or no headaches after receiving either a drug or placebo:- **Treatment Group (Drug)**: - 18 individuals reported headaches. - 82 individuals reported no headaches.- **Control Group (Placebo)**: - 20 individuals reported headaches. - 70 individuals reported no headaches.The table aids in calculating the expected frequencies and, subsequently, the Chi-Square test statistic.

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Description: Can I get help with 19 please ### Hypothesis Testing: Treatment Independence**Objective**: To test the claim that treatment is independent of the reaction (occurrence of headaches).**Significance Level**: 0.05Given Data:| | Drug | Placebo

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19) Do a hypothesis for the following, make sure to include and label all five steps: Test the claim that Treatment is independent of your reaction. Use a .05 significance level. Drug Placebo Headaches 18 20 No Headaches 82 70

19) Do a hypothesis for the following, make sure to include and label all five steps: Test the claim that Treatment is independent of your reaction. Use a .05 significance level. Drug Placebo Headaches 18 20 No Headaches 82 70

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Concept explainers

Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.

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Question

Can I get help with 19 please

### Hypothesis Testing: Treatment Independence

**Objective**: To test the claim that treatment is independent of the reaction (occurrence of headaches).

**Significance Level**: 0.05

Given Data:

| | Drug | Placebo |
|-------------|------|---------|
| Headaches | 18 | 20 |
| No Headaches| 82 | 70 |

**Steps to be Included**:

1. **Formulate the Hypotheses**:
- Null Hypothesis (H0): Treatment is independent of the reaction (i.e., the treatment has no effect on the occurrence of headaches).
- Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Treatment is not independent of the reaction (i.e., the treatment has an effect on the occurrence of headaches).

2. **Determine the Test Statistic**:
- Use the Chi-Square test for independence.
- Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell in the contingency table.

3. **Calculate the Chi-Square Test Statistic**:
- Use the formula: χ² = Σ [(Observed - Expected)² / Expected].
- Compare the observed frequencies in the table to the expected frequencies assuming the null hypothesis is true.

4. **Determine the Critical Value and P-value**:
- Use a Chi-Square distribution table to find the critical value for α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom (df) = (rows - 1) * (columns - 1).
- Calculate the p-value associated with the test statistic.

5. **Make a Decision**:
- If the test statistic exceeds the critical value or if the p-value is less than 0.05, reject the null hypothesis.
- Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis.

**Visual Representation**:

There is a table representing the frequency of individuals experiencing headaches or no headaches after receiving either a drug or placebo:

- **Treatment Group (Drug)**:
- 18 individuals reported headaches.
- 82 individuals reported no headaches.

- **Control Group (Placebo)**:
- 20 individuals reported headaches.
- 70 individuals reported no headaches.

The table aids in calculating the expected frequencies and, subsequently, the Chi-Square test statistic.

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