16.78 (a) Given that K, for ammonia is 1.8 X 10-5 and that for hydroxylamine is 1.1 X 10-8, which is the stronger base? (b) Which is the stronger acid, the ammonium ion or the hydroxylammonium ion? (c) Calculate Ka values for NH 16.91 Indicate w false. For to make i and H3NOH*. creases fr 16.79 Using data from Appendix D, calculate [OH¯]and pH for each ble. (b) I of the following solutions: (a) 0.10 M NaBrO, (b) 0.080 M NaHS, (c) a mixture that is 0.10 M in NaNO2 and 0.20 M in Ca(NO2)2. Tcing data from Appendix D, calculate [OH ] and pH acid strer bonded a strong than S. for each of the following solutions: (a) 0.105 M NaF, (b) 0.035 M Na2S, (c) a mixture that is 0.045 M in 16.92 Indicat false. F NaCH3COO and 0.055 M in Ba(CH3COO)2. to mak 16.81 A solution of sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) has a pH of 9.70. What is the molarity of the solution? cules i same the ce 1682 Pyridinium bromide (C5H5NHB1) is a strong electrolyte that dissociates completely into C5H5NH* and Br¯. An aqueous solution of pyridinium bromide has a pH of 2.95. electr know elem (a) Write out the reaction that leads to this acidic pH. Lewis Ac (b) Using Appendix D, calculate the Ka for pyridinium bromide. 16.93 Amr bas (c) A solution of pyridinium bromide has a pH of 2.95. What is the concentration of the pyridinium cation at equilibrium, in units of molarity? 16,83 Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following com- pounds are acidic, basic, or neutral: (a) NHĄBr, (b) FeCl3, (C) Na2CO3, (d) KCIO4, (e) NaHC2O4. rea ert tio 16.94 Th (a 16.84 Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following sub- (b stances are acidic, basic, or neutral: (a) AlCl3, (b) NaBr, C) NACIO, (d) [CH3NH3]NO3, (e) Na,SO3. 16.85 An unknown salt is either NaF, NaCl, or NaOCl. When 0.050 O F00 Lof solution, APPENDIX AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS TABLE D.1 Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 °C Kat К.г. Каз Name Formula 1.8 x 10-5 CH,COOH (or HC,H,O2) 1.0 x 10-7 3.0 X 10-12 Acetic acid 5.6 x 10 3 Arsenic acid H3ASO4 5.1 x 10 10 Arsenous acid H3ASO3 1.6 X 10-12 8.0 X 10-5 Ascorbic acid H2C,H6O6 6.3 x 10-5 Benzoic acid C,H3COOH (or HC,HSO2) 5.8 x 10-10 Boric acid HзВОЗ 1.5 X 10 5 Butanoic acid C3H,COOH (or HC4H,O2) 5.6 X 10-11 4.3 x 10-7 Carbonic acid H2CO3 Chloroacetic acid 1.4 X 10-3 CH-CICOOH (ог НС2H2О2CI) Chlorous acid 1.1 X 10-2 A. HCIO2 7.4 X 10-4 1.7 x 10-5 4.0 X 10-7 Citric acid HOOCC(OH)(CH2COOH)2 (or H3C,H5O7) Cyanic acid 3.5 X 10-4 HCNO Formic acid НСООН (or НСНО2) 1.8 X 10-4 Hydroazoic acid HN3 1.9 x 10-5 Hydrocyanic acid HCN 4.9 X 10-10 Hydrofluoric acid HF 6.8 X 10-4 Hydrogen chromate ion HCГО4 3.0 x 10-7 Hydrogen peroxide НО2 2.4 X 10-12 Hydrogen selenate ion HSEO, 2.2 x 10-2 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 9.5 x 10-8 1 x 10-19 Hypobromous acid HBГО 2.5 x 10-9 Hypochlorous acid HCIO 3.0 x 10-8 Hypoiodous acid HIO 2.3 X 10-11 Iodic acid HIOЗ 1.7 X 10-1 Lactic acid CH,CH(ОН)СООН (or HC3H503) 1.4 X 10-4 Malonic acid CH2(COOH)2 (or H2C3H2O4) 1.5 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-6 1996 Nitrous acid HNO2 4.5 x 10-4 Oxalic acid (COOH)2 (or H2C2O4) Paraperiodic acid 5.9 x 10-2 6.4 X 10-5 H;IO6 Phenol 2.8 X 10-2 5.3 x 10-9 C,H5OH (or HC,H;O) Phosphoric acid 1.3 x 10-10 НаРОД Propionic acid 7.5 x 10-3 6.2 x 10-8 4.2 x 10-13 CH-СООН (or НСЗН,О2) Pyrophosphoric acid 1.3 x 10-5 НАР.О, Selenous acid 3.0 x 10-2 4.4 x 10-3 2.1 X 10 -7 H2SEO3 Sulfuric acid 2.3 x 10-3 5.3 x 10-9 H2SO4 Sulfurous acid H,SO3 Strong acid 1.2 X 10-2 Tartaric acid HОOC(CHOH),CООН (or H-C,Н,О) 1.7 X 10-2 6.4 X 10-8 1092 1.0 X 10-3
Ionic Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium and ionic equilibrium are two major concepts in chemistry. Ionic equilibrium deals with the equilibrium involved in an ionization process while chemical equilibrium deals with the equilibrium during a chemical change. Ionic equilibrium is established between the ions and unionized species in a system. Understanding the concept of ionic equilibrium is very important to answer the questions related to certain chemical reactions in chemistry.
Arrhenius Acid
Arrhenius acid act as a good electrolyte as it dissociates to its respective ions in the aqueous solutions. Keeping it similar to the general acid properties, Arrhenius acid also neutralizes bases and turns litmus paper into red.
Bronsted Lowry Base In Inorganic Chemistry
Bronsted-Lowry base in inorganic chemistry is any chemical substance that can accept a proton from the other chemical substance it is reacting with.
16.80 a
![16.78 (a) Given that K, for ammonia is 1.8 X 10-5 and that for
hydroxylamine is 1.1 X 10-8, which is the stronger base?
(b) Which is the stronger acid, the ammonium ion or the
hydroxylammonium ion? (c) Calculate Ka values for NH
16.91 Indicate w
false. For
to make i
and H3NOH*.
creases fr
16.79 Using data from Appendix D, calculate [OH¯]and pH for each
ble. (b) I
of the following solutions: (a) 0.10 M NaBrO, (b) 0.080 M NaHS,
(c) a mixture that is 0.10 M in NaNO2 and 0.20 M in Ca(NO2)2.
Tcing data from Appendix D, calculate [OH ] and pH
acid strer
bonded
a strong
than S.
for each of the following solutions: (a) 0.105 M NaF,
(b) 0.035 M Na2S, (c) a mixture that is 0.045 M in
16.92 Indicat
false. F
NaCH3COO and 0.055 M in Ba(CH3COO)2.
to mak
16.81 A solution of sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) has a pH of
9.70. What is the molarity of the solution?
cules i
same
the ce
1682 Pyridinium bromide (C5H5NHB1) is a strong electrolyte that
dissociates completely into C5H5NH* and Br¯. An aqueous
solution of pyridinium bromide has a pH of 2.95.
electr
know
elem
(a) Write out the reaction that leads to this acidic pH.
Lewis Ac
(b) Using Appendix D, calculate the Ka for pyridinium
bromide.
16.93 Amr
bas
(c) A solution of pyridinium bromide has a pH of 2.95.
What is the concentration of the pyridinium cation at
equilibrium, in units of molarity?
16,83 Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following com-
pounds are acidic, basic, or neutral: (a) NHĄBr, (b) FeCl3,
(C) Na2CO3, (d) KCIO4, (e) NaHC2O4.
rea
ert
tio
16.94 Th
(a
16.84 Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following sub-
(b
stances are acidic, basic, or neutral: (a) AlCl3, (b) NaBr,
C) NACIO, (d) [CH3NH3]NO3, (e) Na,SO3.
16.85 An unknown salt is either NaF, NaCl, or NaOCl. When 0.050
O F00 Lof solution,](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb2f71cc3-406d-4549-a751-96d454552a8c%2Fabc7da2d-ca25-4851-a70d-91c7e6fc51c4%2Fpnnhuut.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![APPENDIX
AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
TABLE D.1 Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 °C
Kat
К.г.
Каз
Name
Formula
1.8 x 10-5
CH,COOH (or HC,H,O2)
1.0 x 10-7
3.0 X 10-12
Acetic acid
5.6 x 10 3
Arsenic acid
H3ASO4
5.1 x 10 10
Arsenous acid
H3ASO3
1.6 X 10-12
8.0 X 10-5
Ascorbic acid
H2C,H6O6
6.3 x 10-5
Benzoic acid
C,H3COOH (or HC,HSO2)
5.8 x 10-10
Boric acid
HзВОЗ
1.5 X 10 5
Butanoic acid
C3H,COOH (or HC4H,O2)
5.6 X 10-11
4.3 x 10-7
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Chloroacetic acid
1.4 X 10-3
CH-CICOOH (ог НС2H2О2CI)
Chlorous acid
1.1 X 10-2
A.
HCIO2
7.4 X 10-4
1.7 x 10-5
4.0 X 10-7
Citric acid
HOOCC(OH)(CH2COOH)2 (or H3C,H5O7)
Cyanic acid
3.5 X 10-4
HCNO
Formic acid
НСООН (or НСНО2)
1.8 X 10-4
Hydroazoic acid
HN3
1.9 x 10-5
Hydrocyanic acid
HCN
4.9 X 10-10
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
6.8 X 10-4
Hydrogen chromate ion
HCГО4
3.0 x 10-7
Hydrogen peroxide
НО2
2.4 X 10-12
Hydrogen selenate ion
HSEO,
2.2 x 10-2
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
9.5 x 10-8
1 x 10-19
Hypobromous acid
HBГО
2.5 x 10-9
Hypochlorous acid
HCIO
3.0 x 10-8
Hypoiodous acid
HIO
2.3 X 10-11
Iodic acid
HIOЗ
1.7 X 10-1
Lactic acid
CH,CH(ОН)СООН (or HC3H503)
1.4 X 10-4
Malonic acid
CH2(COOH)2 (or H2C3H2O4)
1.5 x 10-3
2.0 x 10-6
1996
Nitrous acid
HNO2
4.5 x 10-4
Oxalic acid
(COOH)2 (or H2C2O4)
Paraperiodic acid
5.9 x 10-2
6.4 X 10-5
H;IO6
Phenol
2.8 X 10-2
5.3 x 10-9
C,H5OH (or HC,H;O)
Phosphoric acid
1.3 x 10-10
НаРОД
Propionic acid
7.5 x 10-3
6.2 x 10-8
4.2 x 10-13
CH-СООН (or НСЗН,О2)
Pyrophosphoric acid
1.3 x 10-5
НАР.О,
Selenous acid
3.0 x 10-2
4.4 x 10-3
2.1 X 10
-7
H2SEO3
Sulfuric acid
2.3 x 10-3
5.3 x 10-9
H2SO4
Sulfurous acid
H,SO3
Strong acid
1.2 X 10-2
Tartaric acid
HОOC(CHOH),CООН (or H-C,Н,О)
1.7 X 10-2
6.4 X 10-8
1092
1.0 X 10-3](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb2f71cc3-406d-4549-a751-96d454552a8c%2Fabc7da2d-ca25-4851-a70d-91c7e6fc51c4%2Fnixuhr.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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