14-15. The state of stress at a point is shown on the element. Determine (a) the principal stresses and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal stress at the point. Specify the orientation of the element in each case. 60 MPa 30 MPa + 45 MPa Prob. 14-15

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A: Approach to solving the question: Detailed explanation: Examples: Key references:

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A:

Highway Surveys and Location

Surveying is an operation in the civil engineering domain that requires collecting and identifying data regarding an area of land and topography. The data that is collected can be helped to plan and undertake the construction process. Civil engineers perform surveys to gather three-dimensional information regarding a particular area. Engineers specify several points on the surface of the earth and relationship between points, and the distance and angles between the points are evaluated. The data from this evaluation guides in drawing plans regarding buildings and structures.