Question 13 ept mPRImore11. List four anabolic pathways that utilize citric acid cycle intermediates as starting material.12. List the three enzymes required for the breakdown of glycogen13. In the diagram of glycogen shown below, circle the substrates for glycogen debranching enzyme.CH2CH2く14. Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA via the glyoxylate cycle.15. Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that we will see often in metabolism. What arethe reaction types catalyzed by each of the following:(a) Kinases(b)(c) Aldolases(b) Isomerases(d) Dehydrogenases16. What is the difference between an isomerase and a mutase?11. High levels of glucose-6-phosphate inhibit glycolysis. If the concentration of glucose-6-phosphatedecreases,18. activity is restored. Why?

The debranching enzyme is those substances that facilitate glycogen breakdown. The glycogen molecules are broken down into monomeric glucose units for the production of energy by oxidative phosphorylation. Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals.The two important glycogen debranching enzymes are glucosyltransferase and glucosidase. The debranching enzymes help to mobilize glucose monomers from glycogen in presence of the enzyme phosphorylases. The glucose molecules are deposited into the muscle cells and liver during fasting conditions. The major point of debranching enzyme action is the branching point of the glycogen molecule, that is, the point where the branching initiates. Glucose constitutes a principal energy source in most organisms. The breakdown of glycogen is a highly controlled process in the body that includes various hormones such as insulin and glucagon. These two hormones act to maintain the homeostatic balance of blood sugar (glucose) levels. In the glycogen molecule, the glucose monomers are joined together by α-1,4 glycosidic linkage and the branching arises at α-1,6 glycosidic linkage. The terminus of the glycogen is known as the non-reducing ends. The glycogen debranching enzymes modify glycogen at the α-1,6 glycosidic linkages and thus, the debranching enzyme is also referred to as α-1,6-glucosidase. It recognizes the incompletely degraded branch structure and remodels the substrate into a 2-step reaction. α-1,6-glucosidase transfers 3 glucose units to the nearest non-reducing end to produce a new substrate for glycogen. The bifunctional debranching enzyme splits the α-1,6 branching points to release the free glucose. The yellow ovals shows the substrates for the debranching enzyme.