The image presents a series of chemical reaction equations, where each step involves the transformation or synthesis of organic compounds. Below is a detailed transcription and explanation of the reactions shown:**Reaction 12:**- **Starting Material:** - A compound with a benzene ring attached to a carbon chain containing a chlorine atom (Cl) and ethyl groups.- **Reagent:** - Formic acid (HCO₂H).- **Reaction:** - The reagent is applied to the starting material, resulting in a transformation whose product is not shown.**Reaction 13:**- **Reagent:** - Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) with heat (∆).- **Product:** - Methylcyclohexene, a cyclohexene ring with a methyl group (CH₃), plus water (H₂O).**Reaction 14:**- **Starting Material:** - A compound with an alkene (double bond) and chlorine atom on an ethyl group chain.- **Reagent:** - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent.- **Reaction:** - The product from this reaction is not shown, indicating an elimination or substitution process.**Reaction 15:**- **Reagent:** - Potassium hydroxide (KOH) with heat (∆) in ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH).- **Product:** - A cycloalkene compound with the alkene positioned as shown, labeled "only alkene isomer," along with potassium chloride (K⁺Cl⁻) and water (H₂O).The image demonstrates the use of standard organic chemistry reagents and conditions to effect transformations such as dehydrohalogenation and dehydration, emphasizing mechanistic steps typical in organic synthesis. Each reaction set includes technical conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature) crucial for the expected reaction outcomes.

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Answered: 13. 14. 15. CH₂CH3 T CI H3PO4/A NaOH…

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13. 14. 15. CH₂CH3 T CI H3PO4/A NaOH DMSO KOH/A CH3CH₂OH CH3 + H₂O CH3 CH CH3 only alkene isomer + K*CI + H₂O

Chemistry

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ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Concept explainers

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes are saturated organic compounds which are made up of C and H atoms. Alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2. Alkane contains sp3 hybridized carbon atoms with four sigmas (σ) bonds & every hydrogen atom is connected with one of the carbon atoms. The size of the alkane could be determined by the number of carbon atoms located in it.

Question

The image presents a series of chemical reaction equations, where each step involves the transformation or synthesis of organic compounds. Below is a detailed transcription and explanation of the reactions shown:

**Reaction 12:**
- **Starting Material:**
- A compound with a benzene ring attached to a carbon chain containing a chlorine atom (Cl) and ethyl groups.
- **Reagent:**
- Formic acid (HCO₂H).
- **Reaction:**
- The reagent is applied to the starting material, resulting in a transformation whose product is not shown.

**Reaction 13:**
- **Reagent:**
- Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) with heat (∆).
- **Product:**
- Methylcyclohexene, a cyclohexene ring with a methyl group (CH₃), plus water (H₂O).

**Reaction 14:**
- **Starting Material:**
- A compound with an alkene (double bond) and chlorine atom on an ethyl group chain.
- **Reagent:**
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent.
- **Reaction:**
- The product from this reaction is not shown, indicating an elimination or substitution process.

**Reaction 15:**
- **Reagent:**
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) with heat (∆) in ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH).
- **Product:**
- A cycloalkene compound with the alkene positioned as shown, labeled "only alkene isomer," along with potassium chloride (K⁺Cl⁻) and water (H₂O).

The image demonstrates the use of standard organic chemistry reagents and conditions to effect transformations such as dehydrohalogenation and dehydration, emphasizing mechanistic steps typical in organic synthesis. Each reaction set includes technical conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature) crucial for the expected reaction outcomes.

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