12.18 A steel pile (H-section; HP 310 × 125; see Table 12.1a) is driven into a layer of sandstone. The length of the pile is 25 m. Following are the properties of the sandstone: uncon- fined compression strength = qu(lab) = 80 MN/m² and angle of friction = 36°. Using a factor of safety of 3, estimate the allowable point load that can be carried by the pile. Use [qu(design) = qu(lab)/5].

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.