12.16 Consider a continuous flight auger pile in a sandy soil de- posit 10 m long with a diameter of 0.45 m. Following is the variation of standard penetration resistance values (N60) with depth. Depth (m) N60 1.5 3.0 7 4.5 6.0 8 7.5 10 9.0 10 10.5 13 12.0 15 13.5 18 15.0 20 17.0 17 18.5 18 20.0 21 Estimate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the pile. Assume unit weight of soil, y = 15.5 kN/m³.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.