Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
- **Compound Structure:** A linear open-chain molecule is depicted with a terminal aldehyde group (CHO) and an alcohol group (OH) at the fifth carbon.
**13. Transformation of Compounds:**
- **Problem Statement:** Show the steps necessary to transform the compound on the left into the compound on the right.
- **Left Compound:** An ester with the structure containing a methoxyl group (OCH₃) attached to the carbon chain.
- **Right Compound:** A different ester with an alcohol group (OH) at the end of the carbon chain and the original carbonyl structure (C=O).
- **Transformation Step:** The arrow indicates a single reaction or a series of reactions needed to convert the left compound into the right one, likely involving hydrolysis and re-esterification.
**14. Williamson Ether Synthesis:**
- **Problem Statement:** Show the steps necessary to synthesize this compound by the Williamson ether synthesis, resulting in phenyl propyl ether.
- **Synthesis Description:** The Williamson ether synthesis typically involves an alkoxide ion reacting with a primary alkyl halide to form an ether. In this case, phenyl propyl ether is the target compound requiring the starting materials and detailed steps to perform the synthesis.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F60a763da-0d80-48cc-b9af-a1764b06c188%2F1db93a7c-1979-408c-a523-38b6ba2be754%2Frmhfgdc_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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