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- 1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanol metabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanol introduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase. Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer: a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process; b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver; c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism for the glucose synthesis.5. There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? FGP A) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1. Gen inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. reaction is exergonic. ATP F16BP BOLALA The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D) The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.
- 10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital15. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids.4. During prolonged fasting and intense exercise, the product of fat breakdown in adipose tissue, glycerol, is one of the gluconeogenesis substrates. How can glycerol be involved in gluconcogenesis? How many moles of glycerol and ATP are required to synthesize I mole of glucose? To answer: 288 Chapter 6. Carbohydrate metabolism a) write a diagram for the glucose synthesis from glycerol and name the reactions occurring with ATP consumption; b) name the hormones that stimulate gluconcogenesis and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones; c) explain the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the regulation of gluconeoge- nesis.
- 1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia.H8. Glucose labeled with 14 C at C-1 is added to a solution containing the enzymes and cofactors of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka hexose monophosphate pathway) which compounds will contain radioactive carbon? - Ribulose 5 phosphate, no label will be found, all compounds will be labeled, erythrose 4- phosphate, 7-[hps[hpsedoheptulose, fructose 6- phosphate, grlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, xylulose 5 phosphate ribose 5 phosphate
- 19. Which statement is TRUE of sphingolipid synthesis? 1.All of the carbon atoms of palmitate and serine are incorporated into sphingosine. 2CDP-sphingosine is the activated intermediate. 3CO2 is produced during the synthesis of ceramide from palmitate and serine. 4Glucose 6-phosphate is the direct precursor of the glucose in cerebrosides. 5Phosphatidic acid is a key intermediate in the pathway.9. Please write down the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt / Pentose Phosphate pathway's key enzyme and explain its metabolic significance.9. In a patient with a hereditary disease caused by liver phosphorylase kinase defect, hepatomegaly is observed (an increase in liver size), glycogen of the normal structure accumulates in the liver cells, moderate hypoglycemia is observed 3 hours after a meal. Explain the listed symptoms and the accumulation of unchanged structure glycogen in this pathology. For this: a) draw a process diagram in which phosphorylase kinase is involved; b) indicate the metabolic block on the diagram and explain the symptoms observed in the patient.