11. (a) Define the (mathematical and conceptual) definition of conditional probability P(A|B). (b) Explain the product law in conditional probability. (c) Explain the relation between independence and the conditional probability of two sets.

Assume that the probability that an airplane engine will fail during a torture test is 12and that the aircraft in question has 4 engines. Find the probability that all engines will survive the test.

Show that the probability of drawing a club at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards is the same as the probability of drawing the ace of hearts at random from a set of four cards consisting of the aces of hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades.

Dividing a Jackpot A game between two pIayers consists of tossing coin. Player A gets a point if the coin shows heads, and player B gets a point if it shows tails. The first player to get six points wins an $8000 jackpot. As it happens, the police raid the place when player A has five points and B has three points. After everyone has calmed down, how should the jackpot be divided between the two players? In other words, what is the probability of A winning (and that of B winning) if the game were to continue? The French mathematicians Pascal and Fermat corresponded about this problem, and both came to the same correct conclusion (though by very different reasoning's). Their friend Roberval disagreed with both of them. He argued that player A has probability of Winning, because the game can end in the four ways H, TH, TTH, TTT, and in three of these, A wins. Roberval’s reasoning was wrong. Continue the game from the point at which it was interrupted, using either a coin or a modeling program. Perform this experiment 80 or more times, and estimate the probability that player A wins. Calculate the probability that player A wins. Compare with your estimate from part (a).