10. From what other environments might scientists collect bacterial samples to further test their hypothesis that antibiotic resistance is a trait that evolved without being influenced by modern antibiotic use? 11. What precautions might need to be taken by the scientists who work with these bacteria in the lab? 12. How many of the 26 antibiotics successfully killed 100% of the bacterial strains (both Gram-positive and Gram- negative)? 13. What does this make you think about our ability to fight infections with our current arsenal of antibiotics? 14. Do the results of this study give us any insights into how we might combat antibiotic resistance going forward? If so, what?

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Bacterial Genomics

The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.

Transformation Experiment in Bacteria

In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.

Plasmids and Vectors

The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.