10 12 a. Are the test scores significantly lower for the con- tact sport athletes than for the noncontact athletes? Use a one-tailed test with a = .05. b. Compute the value of r (percentage of variance accounted for) for these data. 14. In the Chapter Preview we presented a study show- ing that handling money reduces the perception pain (Zhou, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2009). In the experiment, a group of college students was told that they were participating in a manual dexterity study. Half of the students were given a stack of money to count and the other half got a stack of blank pieces of paper. After the counting task, the participants were asked to dip their hands into bowls of very hot water (122°F) and rate how uncomfortable it was. The following data show ratings of pain similar to the results obtained in the study. 32 CHAPTER 10 | The t Test for Two Independen Counting Money Counting Paper 9. 11 10 13 10 8. 11 5. 9. 15 12 14 5 10 a. Is there a significant difference in reported pain between the two conditions? Use a two-tailed test with a = .01. %3D b. Compute Cohen's d to estimate the size of the treatment effect. 15. In a classic study in the area of problem solving, Katona (1940) compared the effectiveness of two methods of instruction. One group of participants was shown the exact, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem and was required to memorize the solution. Participants in a second group were encouraged to study the problem and find the solution on their own. They were given helpful hints and clues, but the exact solution was never explained. The study included the problem in the following figure showing a pattern of five squares made of matchsticks. The problem is to change the pattern into exactly four squares by mov- ing only three matches. (All matches must be used, none can be removed, and all the squares must be the same size.) After 3 weeks, both groups returned to be tested again. The two groups did equally well on the matchstick problem they had learned earlier. But when they were giyen new prohleme (nimil
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Help with Question 14



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