1. Which layer is older, layer C or E? 2. Is it possible to determine which ceramic vessel is younger: 4, 5, or 6? If so, which one? 3. Which is younger, burial Y or vessel 3?
Part 1: Relative Dating and Stratigraphy
Because types of sediment are recognizable by variation in textures, colors, and inclusions, archaeologists are able to recognize different layers (or strata) in an excavation. The term "stratigraphy" refers both to the relative order and position of the strata and to their use as a means of interpreting the history of the site. The principles of superposition and association help us infer relative chronology based on stratigraphy. It is important to note that both natural and human actions can alter an ideal stratigraphic model.
Below is a stratigraphic profile from an archaeological excavation (i.e., you are looking at a vertical cut into the earth) in which you can see four burials, seven ceramic artifacts, several strata, and the remains of a brick wall (i.e., archaeological feature). Using the stratigraphy and what you have learned about archaeological contexts, please answer the questions below.
Stratigraphic Profile: The stratigraphic layers are labeled A-V. Burials are W-Z. Ceramic vessels are numbered 1-7.
1. Which layer is older, layer C or E?
2. Is it possible to determine which ceramic vessel is younger: 4, 5, or 6? If so, which one?
3. Which is younger, burial Y or vessel 3?
4. In what order were the burials interred, from youngest to oldest?
5. Was the red brick wall feature built before or after burial Y was interred? What evidence tells you this?
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