1. What materials are most commonly used for the pipes and tubing in a building water supply system? 2. What materials are most commonly used for the pipes and tubing in a building sanitary sewage system? 3. Identify and describe the function of five common types of plumbing fixtures (water closet, urinal, lavatory, bathtub/shower, water fountain). 4. What is a waterless urinal? Why is its use advantageous in place of a conventional urinal? 5. How and where are the following valves used in the plumbing system? Globe, Gate, and Check valves. 6. Determine the minimum number of plumbing fixtures required for an auditorium planned for a total of 5500 people (assume 50% of each gender). 7. Draw the layout of the toilet and bath in your house/apartment/lodging house using a scale of 1:50 m. Indicate all the dimensions and clearances between fixture to fixture and fixture to partition or sidewall in millimeters.

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.