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- Enlarge Image 100 Mutation causes variation Conditions do not favor some mutations Survivors reproduce Change in conditions do not favor some traits Survivors reproduce 1) This model shows the process of natural selection on rabbits demonstrating variation in fur color over several generations. Using the model, what most likely led to the loss of white furred rabbits in the population? A) XB) C) The white rabbits did not reproduce fast enough to survive. White was a recessive trait and therefore not passed on to any offspring. The white fur was a favorable trait but was never prevalent in the population. The rabbits with white fur had less camouflage in D) the environment and were more easily preyed on by predators. 2) If this model continues, with no major changes to the environment, what do you expect to happen? XA) Rabbits will continue to get lighter over time.Can you answer all the parts to this diagram Species 1 and 2 are sister species from which you’ve cloned related genes. On the gene tree on the top of the next page, use labels to answer the following questions: (a) Label the node that represents a gene duplication with “D,” (b) Label the nodes that represent speciation events with “S,” (c) Pick a pair of genes that are paralogs and label them both “P.” (d) Pick a pair of genes that are orthologs and label them both “O.”b) Align the following sequences (don't just retype). i. ATTGCAGGAT ii. ATTGCTGAAT iii. ACGCTGAAT iv. ATTGCAGAAT v. ATCGCTGAAT c) Construct a detailed evolutionary tree for the above sequences using "i" as the outgroup.
- Assume that the molecular clock for the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila ticks at a rate of 5 X 10-⁹ substitutions per bp per year. On a volcanic island you find two species of Drosophila, descended from one species that colonized the island sometime after it first rose out of the ocean. You sequence the Adh genes of the two species and find they show 5 synonymous substitutions in 1,000 bp. 2A. What is the rate of divergence between these 2 species of Drosophila? (Hint: Recall that substitutions are happening in both species.) 2B. How long ago did the two species diverge? 2C. How old is the island? Hint: you cannot give an exact age.Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) If there are 20 polymorphic synonymous sites in the gene in species A, how many non-synonymous sites do you expect to be polymorphic? Assume all synonymous changes are neutral. b) In species B, there are an average of two pairwise differences between individuals within the gene. What is the effective population size of species B? c) What do you expect FST to be between species B and C? Assume no migration between the species after they diverged.Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) Species A has 100,000 diploid individuals. How many new mutations arise per basepair per generation in species A? b) What is the gene’s neutral mutation rate per basepair per generation? c) What is the expected rate of fixation of neutral mutations in the gene? d) How many neutral substitution do you expect to observe if you compared the gene between species A and C?
- Please match: 12345 Allele 12345 Analogous 12345 Sympatric 12345 Homologous 12345 Allopatric 1. The wing of a bat and the leg of a horse are examples of ____ structures 2. The wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly are examples of______ structures 3. A version of a gene is called a(n) 4. Speciation that occurs when two species are together is called 5. Speciation resulting from two populations being separated by a physical barrier is calledChargaffs DNA Data Base Compoeltion In Varlous Speclee (%) Species A T G Homo sapiens 31.0 31.5 19.1 18.4 Drosophila melanogaster 27.3 27.6 22.5 22.5 Zea mays 25.6 25.3 24.5 24.6 Neurospora crassa 23.0 23.3 27.1 26.6 Escherichia coli 24.6 24.3 25.5 25.6 Bacillus subtilis 28.4 29.0 21.0 21.6 The table above shows the amount of the 4 DNA nucleotides found in 6 different species. Another species has DNA that is 10% Adenine (A). What is the % of T, G, and C in the DNA of this species? You may copy and paste this sentence to help you answer clearly: The species is 10% A, 96 T, 96 G and 96 C. The species is 10% A, 10 % R, DELL F11 PrtScr F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F12 In & 8. 9. 5 6. 7 9. E T Y *00 %S4If the distance between A and D and their last common ancestor (LCA) is 4 and the distance between B and C and their LCA is 6.2 while the distance between the two LCAs is 5.4. Calculate the UPGMA between A and B?.
- In addition to evolution through vertical descent, evolutionary changes can also occur by horizontal gene transfer, and this process involves 1. mostly eukaryotic organisms. 2. competition 3. the transfer of genes from one organism to another one that is not its direct descendant and might even be from a different species. 4. a recent time in the history of life in our planet. 5. the transfer of genes from one organism to another one with a parent-offspring relationship.e Sciences/P2 3.2.1 .2.2 2.3 2.4 _5 ved approximately 340 different dog breeds. They have been bred for certain Dogs have been selected and bred over many years to produce characteristics desirable to humans. wolves are the only direct ancestor to present-day dog breeds. All dog breeds An analysis of 736 base pairs of the cytochrome-b gene showed that grey belong to the species Canis familiaris. The table below shows some dog breeds and their desirable characteristics. Grey wolf Dog breeds SC/NSC Poodle Pug Saint Bernard Rhodesian ridgeback DBE/2023 Characteristics Intelligent Loving, affectionate and playful Outgoing and adventurous Describe how humans carried out QUESTION 3.2.1 Strong, athletic and fast Name the process whereby the different breeds of dogs were produced. the process named in Explain how it can be confirmed that all these dog breeds belong to the same species. Explain which of the dog breeds shown would best be used for hunting. Explain how present-day dog breeds may…A recent study examining the mutation rates of 5669 mammalian genes (17,208 sequences) indicates that, contrary to popular belief, mutation rates among lineages with vastly different generation lengths and physiological attributes are remarkably constant [Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:803–808]. The average rate is estimated at 12.2 * 10-9 per bp per year. What is the significance of this finding in terms of mammalian evolution?