1. The uniform velocity 'U' of water flowing in a pipe at 70 °F is 33ft/s. Figure out the following (a) the distance at which the transition occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer and (b) thickness at the point of transition the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91 (vx/U/^0.5] (v = 1.052 X 105 ft?/s)

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.