1. The gas cloud known as the Crab Nebula can be seen with even a small telescope. It is the remnant of a supernova, a cataclysmic explosion of a star. The explosion was seen on earth on July 4, 1054 AD. The streamers glow with the characteristic red color of heated hydrogen gas. In a laboratory on the earth, heated hydrogen produces red light with a frequency 4.568 × 10¹4 Hz; the red light received from the streamers in the Crab Nebula pointed toward the earth has frequency 4.586 × 10¹4 Hz. (a) Estimate the speed with which the outer edges of the Crab Nebula are expanding. Assume that the speed of the center of the nebula relative to the earth is negligible. (b) Assuming that the expansion speed has been constant since the supernova explosion, estimate the diameter of the nebula. (c) The angular diameter of the Crab Nebula as seen from earth is about 5 arc minutes (1 arc minute = 1/60 of a degree). Estimate the distance (in light years) to the Crab Nebula and estimate the year in which the supernova explosion actually took place.
Ray Optics
Optics is the study of light in the field of physics. It refers to the study and properties of light. Optical phenomena can be classified into three categories: ray optics, wave optics, and quantum optics. Geometrical optics, also known as ray optics, is an optics model that explains light propagation using rays. In an optical device, a ray is a direction along which light energy is transmitted from one point to another. Geometric optics assumes that waves (rays) move in straight lines before they reach a surface. When a ray collides with a surface, it can bounce back (reflect) or bend (refract), but it continues in a straight line. The laws of reflection and refraction are the fundamental laws of geometrical optics. Light is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength that falls within the visible spectrum.
Converging Lens
Converging lens, also known as a convex lens, is thinner at the upper and lower edges and thicker at the center. The edges are curved outwards. This lens can converge a beam of parallel rays of light that is coming from outside and focus it on a point on the other side of the lens.
Plano-Convex Lens
To understand the topic well we will first break down the name of the topic, ‘Plano Convex lens’ into three separate words and look at them individually.
Lateral Magnification
In very simple terms, the same object can be viewed in enlarged versions of itself, which we call magnification. To rephrase, magnification is the ability to enlarge the image of an object without physically altering its dimensions and structure. This process is mainly done to get an even more detailed view of the object by scaling up the image. A lot of daily life examples for this can be the use of magnifying glasses, projectors, and microscopes in laboratories. This plays a vital role in the fields of research and development and to some extent even our daily lives; our daily activity of magnifying images and texts on our mobile screen for a better look is nothing other than magnification.
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