1. The figure below shows the flow net for seepage of water around a single row of sheet piles driven into a permeable layer. Calculate the factor of safety against downstream heave, given than Ysat for the permeable layer = 17.7 kN/m³. (note: Thickness of permeable layer T = 18 m). H, 10 m 6 m -Sheet pile Heave zone Impermeable layer H₂-1.5 m Ysat 17.7 kN/m

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.