1. Stomach acid (gastric acid) What is the source of H+ for stomach acid? 2. Acetylcholine →→→→ Stomach acid (gastric acid) Histamine → Into blood Gastrin LHCO; CI- Acetylcholine>> Histamine- Where does the conjugate base of Into blood carbonic acid HCO; (H₂CO3) go? Cl Gastrin- Parietal Cell H,0 + CO, H₂CO3 HCO3 + H+. Proton pump Parietal Cell H,0 + CO, H₂CO3 Carbonic anhydrase HCO3 + H+ Proton pump Carbonic anhydrase ADP+P, K+ K+ ADP + P₁ ATP ATP CI- Lumen of gastric pit K+ H* CI CI- H* H* H+ CI CI Lumen of gastric pit K+ H+ H+ H+ CI- H+ CI H* H+ H* CI- H+ CI @X
1. Stomach acid (gastric acid) What is the source of H+ for stomach acid? 2. Acetylcholine →→→→ Stomach acid (gastric acid) Histamine → Into blood Gastrin LHCO; CI- Acetylcholine>> Histamine- Where does the conjugate base of Into blood carbonic acid HCO; (H₂CO3) go? Cl Gastrin- Parietal Cell H,0 + CO, H₂CO3 HCO3 + H+. Proton pump Parietal Cell H,0 + CO, H₂CO3 Carbonic anhydrase HCO3 + H+ Proton pump Carbonic anhydrase ADP+P, K+ K+ ADP + P₁ ATP ATP CI- Lumen of gastric pit K+ H* CI CI- H* H* H+ CI CI Lumen of gastric pit K+ H+ H+ H+ CI- H+ CI H* H+ H* CI- H+ CI @X
Chemistry
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ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Transcribed Image Text:**Transcription and Explanation for Educational Website**
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**Diagram 1: Stomach Acid (Gastric Acid) Production**
**Question:** What is the source of H⁺ for stomach acid?
**Explanation:**
The diagram illustrates the process of hydrochloric acid (HCl) production by the parietal cells in the stomach lining:
1. **Parietal Cell Activity:**
- Inside the parietal cell, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).
- Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) and hydrogen ions (H⁺).
2. **Ion Movement:**
- Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are transported into the lumen of the gastric pit by a proton pump, which uses ATP to exchange H⁺ for potassium ions (K⁺).
- Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are also transported into the lumen, where they combine with the hydrogen ions to form hydrochloric acid (HCl).
3. **Bicarbonate Ions:**
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) are exchanged for chloride ions at the blood side, moving into the blood in exchange for Cl⁻.
4. **Regulation by Hormones:**
- The process is regulated by acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin, which stimulate the parietal cells to increase acid production.
**Diagram 2: Fate of Carbonic Acid's Conjugate Base**
**Question:** Where does the conjugate base of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) go?
**Explanation:**
The diagram depicts the transport and exchange processes related to the bicarbonate ions:
1. **Conjugate Base Movement:**
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), produced from the dissociation of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), are exchanged with chloride ions (Cl⁻) on the blood side.
2. **Proton Pump Function:**
- Similar to Diagram 1, hydrogen ions (H⁺) are pumped into the gastric pit lumen, and Cl⁻ ions follow to form gastric acid (HCl).
3. **Regulatory Mechanisms:**
- Regulation is again shown as influenced by acetylcholine, histamine,
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