Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Give the major organic product(s) that is (are) produced by each step of the following sequence of reactions
Transcribed Image Text:**Benzene Nitration and Transformations**
This reaction scheme illustrates a series of chemical transformations beginning with benzene and proceeding through three stages to form final product C. The scheme represents a typical sequence in organic synthesis.
1. **Nitration of Benzene**:
- *Reaction Conditions*: Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
- *Result*: This process introduces a nitro group (NO₂) into the benzene ring, forming nitrobenzene (Compound A).
2. **Reduction of Nitrobenzene**:
- *Step 1*: Nitrobenzene (Compound A) is reduced in the presence of tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). This reduction converts the nitro group to an amino group (NH₂), forming aniline (Compound B).
- *Step 2*: This compound is further treated with a base (OH⁻).
3. **Chlorination of Aniline**:
- *Reaction Conditions*: Aniline (Compound B) reacts with chlorine (Cl₂) in the presence of iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃) as a catalyst.
- *Result*: This step introduces one or more chlorine atoms to the aromatic ring, forming compound C.
**Summary**:
- Starting Material: Benzene
- Intermediate Products:
- Compound A: Nitrobenzene (through nitration)
- Compound B: Aniline (through reduction)
- Final Product: Chlorinated aniline (through chlorination)
**Diagram Explanation**:
- The diagram features a series of arrows indicating the direction of the chemical reaction.
- Chemical reagents and conditions are clearly stated above or below the arrows.
- Each new product formed at each step is labeled as compound A, B, and C, respectively.
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