1. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow. Native species of North America are often defined as those species that were present in North America before Europeans arrived in the early 1600s. When Europeans arrived, they found extensive forests dominated by the American chestnut tree. These chestnut trees were ex- tensively cultivated and planted by the North American natives for food and other wood products. In the early 1900s, the chestnut blight (a fungus) virtually extermi- nated all of the American chestnut trees in North America. (a) Classify the American chestnut tree as either a native or an introduced species. Explain your classification. (b) Classify the chestnut blight as either a native or an introduced species. Explain your classification. (c) The introduction of invasive species can be deliberate or accidental. (i) Identify TWO characteristics of an invasive species. (ii) Identify which of the species (American chestnut or chestnut blight) is considered invasive.
Biogeography
The study of plants, animals, and other living things in terms of their geographic distribution is referred to as biogeography. Biogeography is usually examined in coexistence with ecological and historical variables that have affected organisms' spatial distribution across time. It is not only based on the habitation patterns; it is also about the reasons that cause differences in distribution. Biogeographic studies divide the Earth's surface into diverse flora and fauna compositions, notably the continents and islands. Biogeography is a field of science, but physical geographers have made vital commitments, especially in flora. Biogeography is a multidisciplinary field of study that combines concepts and data from ecology, evolutionary biology, taxonomy, geology, physical geography, paleontology, and climatology.
Types of Climate
The weather pattern in a long-term process in a locality, region, or even over the entire globe is known as climate. Generally, it is decided by calculating an average of thirty years' weather in a region. In that sense, the weather and climate are different.
Biome
It is defined as a definite community of animals and plants residing together in a climate. Each (plants and animals) having a characteristic appearance and distributed over a wide geographical area defined largely by regional climatic conditions.
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PRACTICE
1. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow.
Native species of North America are often defined as
those species that were present in North America before
Europeans arrived in the early 1600s. When Europeans
arrived, they found extensive forests dominated by the
American chestnut tree. These chestnut trees were ex-
tensively cultivated and planted by the North American
natives for food and other wood products. In the early
1900s, the chestnut blight (a fungus) virtually extermi-
nated all of the American chestnut trees in North
America.
(a) Classify the American chestnut tree as either a native or an introduced species. Explain your classification.
(b) Classify the chestnut blight as either a native or an introduced species. Explain your classification.
(c) The introduction of invasive species can be deliberate or accidental.
(i) Identify TWO characteristics of an invasive species.
(ii) Identify which of the species (American chestnut or chestnut blight) is considered invasive.
(d) Many non-native game animals, for example, axis deer and blackbuck antelope, were deliberately introduced
to the United States for the sport hunting industry.
(i) Describe ONE ecological and ONE economic advantage of the introduction of game species.
(ii) Describe ONE ecological and ONE economic disadvantage of the introduction of game species.
2. Energy flow is a central theme throughout the study of environmental science. Consider energy flow when answer-
ing the following questions:
(a) The tundra/arctic biome is populated with lichens and grasses as dominant producers, small rodents called
lemmings, brown bears (grizzlies), caribou (deer family), and arctic wolves. Diagram a food web that correctly
shows the flow of energy through the species shown in the squares below.
Lichens
Arctic wolves
Brown bears
Caribou
Lemmings
Grasses
(b) The tundra, like most biomes, has very few large predators that function at the highest levels of the trophic
pyramid. Explain this phenomenon.
(c) An ecologist is doing an in-depth study of a tundra ecosystem. He does a biomass sample of the producers in
an area and measures 3.5 kilograms of producer biomass per square meter. Calculate the biomass of pro-
ducers in terms of kilograms per hectare (kg/ha). A hectare contains 10,000 square meters.
(d) Based on your calculation of kg/ha above:
(i) Calculate the approximate biomass of both primary and secondary consumers that could be maintained
in one hectare of this ecosystem.
(ii) Explain your calculation.
(e) Many people suggest that it would be wiser for humans to eat lower on the trophic pyramid. Discuss this
statement in terms of both energy availability and land use.
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