Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Question
Give the major organic product(s) for each of the following reactions:
Transcribed Image Text:### Reduction Reactions
#### (g)
The first reaction involves the reduction of an ester. The reactant is an ester with the structure:
- **Left side:** A carbon chain with a branching point and a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to an ethoxy group (O-CH2-CH3).
This ester is treated with:
1. **NaBH4 (Sodium Borohydride)**
2. **H2O (Water)**
**Reaction Explanation:**
- Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that is used to reduce esters to alcohols. In this reaction, the carbonyl group (C=O) in the ester is reduced to a hydroxyl group (OH), effectively converting the ester into an alcohol.
#### (i)
The second reaction involves the reduction of an amide. The reactant is an amide with the structure:
- **Left side:** A carbon chain with a branching point attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to an NH group (NH-CH2).
This amide is treated with:
1. **LiAlH4 (Lithium Aluminum Hydride)**
2. **H3O+ (Hydronium Ion)**
**Reaction Explanation:**
- Lithium aluminum hydride is a strong reducing agent that can reduce amides to amines. In this reaction, the carbonyl group (C=O) in the amide is reduced, so that the double-bonded oxygen is removed, converting the amide into an amine.
### Conclusion
Both reactions utilize common reducing agents to transform carbonyl-containing functional groups into their respective reduced forms—alcohols from esters and amines from amides. These transformations are fundamental in organic synthesis for modifying molecular structures.
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The reactions can be completed as follows:
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