1. Given the utility function U = 1/2 1/3 (a) Determine the value of the marginal utilities (b) Hence estimate the change in U if ₁ and 22 both increase by 1 unit. (c) Does the law of diminishing marginal utility hold for this function? (Take a look at pg 376 Jacques) and when 2₁ = 25 and 2₂ = 8.
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- Let u(x) be a utility function that represents the preferences of a household. We say that the function v(x) is a monotonic transformation of u if f(·) is a strictly increasing function and v(x) = f(u(x)). (a) Show that if v(x) is a monotonic transformation of u, it represents the same preferences. (b) Can you explain why taking a monotonic transformation of a utility function does not change the marginal rate of substitution? (c) What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of the form U(x1,x2) = ? What about the function U(x1,x2) = 13x1+13x2?Suppose Al is currently consuming five movies and two concerts per month. If his utility function is given by U = 15MC, where Mrepresents the number of movies seen and C represents the number of concerts attended, Al's total utility is equal to: 75 15 150 10 30Problem 2 Suppose that John's preferences over meat (M) and vegetables (V) are represented by the following utility function U(M,V) = a ln(M) + (1 − a) ln(V) where 0 < a < 1. ¹No claim of realism is made for the numbers in this example. 1 (a) Write down the Lagrangian for John's optimization problem. (Recall that John max- imizes utility given an income, I, and prices på and på for the goods.) (b) Solve for John's optimal consumption bundle (M*, V*) (as a function of income and prices) using the Lagrangian method. = (c) Suppose a = . Suppose also that John has income I = 1 and pv 2. What is the value of John's optimal happens if John's income doubles to I = 400? 200 and faces prices p consumption bundle? What =
- 2. Suppose John's utility function is UX,Y) = 4/XY , where X is consumption of beer and Y is consumption of pizza. For this utility function, ( Calculus Kahuna say: MUx = 2\Y/X and MUy = 2\X/Y ) a) Find three different bundles: (X,Y) = (2, 4½), (2, 3), (4, 24) and find the utility they provide John. Plot the three bundles and connect them with an indifference curve. J-L. IIII -+-+- - -4-L 7-T-T-r הרד - דר -LJ-J-L- 1-L -LJ-J-I ---Tony is throwing a party at his Fraternity and is trying to choose what booze to buy. A bottle of vodka has three times the alcohol as a six-pack of beer. Assume that Tony only cares about the total amount of alcohol in his basket. (use vodka on the X-axis and beer measured in six-pack on the Y-axis) a) Devise a utility function to represent these preferences. b) Suppose a bottle of vodka costs $40, a six-pack of beer costs $10, and the budget is $200. Write the budget constraint. c) Solve Tony’s utility maximization problem and find the optimal combination. d) Suppose that a bottle of vodka cost has increased to $50. What will be his new optimal combination.Define the Marginal Rate of Substitution between two goods (X and Y).If a consumer’s preferences are given by U(X,Y) = X1/4Y 3/4, compute the consumer’s marginalrate of substitution as a function of X and Y. Calculate the MRS if the consumer has chosen toconsumer 12 units of X and 30 units of Y.
- Suppose that U(f,c) = f + 8c^(1/2)is a utility function that describes Amelia’s preferences over two goods: fish(f)and custard (c). For the following, think of fish as the good graphed on the horizontal axis.a. Derive an expression for her marginal utility (Uf)from a small increase in f holding c fixed. Also find themarginal utility for custard (Uc).b. What is Amelia’s marginal rate of substitution (MRS)? Give a brief (2 sentences maximum) intuitivedescription of what MRS represents. If Amelia has 4 units of custard, holding her utility constant, howmany units of custard would she be willing to give up in order to get one more unit of fish?c. Graph Amelia’s indifference curve for a utility level of 40. Be sure to specify at least 3 bundles of goodson the indifference curve.d. Does the fact that Amelia’s indifference curve intersects with the custard axis violate any of the 5properties of indifference curves? Briefly support your answer.e. Give another utility function that represents…4. Consider the following two-good utility function: u(x1, x2) xi+ Vx2. Answer the questions set out below. 'Tip: Go back to the definition of monotonic transformations on page 17 (theorem 1.2) to confirm that the transformation is effected by a strictly increasing function, in other words if v(x, u) = f(u(x, y)), ƒ is a strictly increasing function on the set of values taken on by u. 1 (a) What information is contained in the marginal rate of substitution of a utility function (apart from the fact that it represents the slope of the indifference curves)? Derive the marginal rate of substitution for the utility function u(x1, x2) above. (b) Explain why Hicksian demand functions are often referred to as "compensated demand functions". (c) If the corresponding budget constraint is given by y = P1x1 + P2x2, show that the con- sumer's Hicksian demand functions are x† (p, u) = („)´u² and x (p, u) = „) u? P2 pi+p2, Pi+p2 respectively. (d) What is the degree of homogeneity in prices of the…2. Vibha consumes three goods X, (shirts), X, (food in pounds), and X, (shelter in square feet). Vibha's utility function is given by: U (X,, X, X,) = 5ln Xt 3ln X + 2ln X, where In (x) or log. (x) is the natural logarithm. Vibha's weekly income is $100. Let the price of X, = P, = $10, the price of X, = P, = $2, and the price of X, = P; = $4. What is the equation for Vibha's budget constraint? а. b. |How many shirts, pounds of food, and square feet of shelter, will Vibha consume, as a rational consumer?
- A utility function is given as U = √MB where B represents the quantity of books consumed and M represents magazines. This uülity is shown via indifference curves in the diagram to the right. Holding the number of magazines constant at 20 units, as we increase our consumption of books from 5 units to 10 to 15 and to 20 units, marginal utility with respect to books. is CIES Magazines (Y) 50- 45 40 35 30 25- 20- 15- 10- 5 0- 10 15 RSTV a quie 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Books (X) 45 5 eboo SCOR scor scor score score3. A canonical utility function. Consider the utility function u(c) 1-σ where c denotes consumption of some arbitrary good and ơ (Greek lowercase letter sigma") is known as the "curvature parameter" because its value governs how curved the utility function is. In the following, restrict your attention to the region c> (because "negative consumption" is an ill-defined concept). The parameter σ is treated as a constant. Plot the utility function for ơ-0. Does this utility function display diminishing marginal utility? Is marginal utility ever negative for this utility function? Plot the utility function for ơ marginal utility? Is marginal utility ever negative for this utility function? Consider instead the natural-log utility function u(c)=In(c). Does this utility function display diminishing marginal utility? Is marginal utility for this utility function? Determine the value of σ (if any value exists at all) that makes the general utility function presented above collapse to the…4.13 CES indirect utility and expenditure functions In this problem, we will use a more standard form of the CES utility function to derive indirect utility and expenditure functions. Suppose utility is given by U(x, y) = (x° +y®)'/8 [in this function the elasticity of substitution o = 1/(1 – 6)]. a. Show that the indirect utility function for the utility function just given is V = I(p, + p,)¬/", where r = 8/(ò – 1) = 1 – 0. b. Show that the function derived in part (a) is homogeneous of degree zero in prices and income. c. Show that this function is strictly increasing in income. d. Show that this function is strictly decreasing in any price. e. Show that the expenditure function for this case of CES utility is given by E = V(p', + p,)''". f. Show that the function derived in part (e) is homogeneous of degree one in the goods' prices. g. Show that this expenditure function is increasing in each of the prices. h. Show that the function is concave in each price.