1. Explain why pathogens need to attach to host cells.2. Describe various microbial attachment techniques.3. Describe the 5 steps involved in establishing infection.4. Explain the modes of action for staphylococcal alpha toxin, cholera toxin,diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin, and anthrax toxin.5. Differentiate endotoxin from exotoxin.6. Describe secretion systems used to export exotoxins/effector proteins.7. Discuss the three main ways intracellular pathogens avoid intracellulardestruction.8. Describe various strategies pathogens use to avoid the immune system.9. Describe mechanisms used by Listeria and Salmonella to establish infection inthe host cell

Answered: 1. Explain why pathogens need to attach…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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1. Explain why pathogens need to attach to host cells.
2. Describe various microbial attachment techniques.
3. Describe the 5 steps involved in establishing infection.
4. Explain the modes of action for staphylococcal alpha toxin, cholera toxin,
diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin, and anthrax toxin.
5. Differentiate endotoxin from exotoxin.
6. Describe secretion systems used to export exotoxins/effector proteins.
7. Discuss the three main ways intracellular pathogens avoid intracellular
destruction.
8. Describe various strategies pathogens use to avoid the immune system.
9. Describe mechanisms used by Listeria and Salmonella to establish infection in
the host cell

Expert Solution

Step 1: Introduction

The process of surface adhesion and biofilm development is a type of survival strategy in microbes, employed by virtually all bacteria and refined over millions of years. This process is designed in order to anchor microorganisms in a nutritionally advantageous environment. This would permit their escape to greener pastures when essential growth factors have been exhausted or reduced efficiently.

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