1. Draw all resonance structures for each of the following molecules or ions. Be sure to include curved arrows that indicate which pair of electrons are shifted in going (flowing) from one resonance structure to the next. a. b. C. 0-20,000
Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![**Resonance Structures: Educational Guide**
**Objective:**
Draw all resonance structures for each of the following molecules or ions. Be sure to include curved arrows that indicate which pair of electrons are shifted (flowing) from one resonance structure to the next.
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**Molecules/Ions:**
**a.** Nitrite ion (\[\text{NO}_2^-\]):
- The nitrogen atom is connected to two oxygen atoms.
- One oxygen has a double bond with nitrogen and a positive charge.
- The other oxygen has a single bond with nitrogen and a negative charge.
**b.** Acetate ion (\[\text{CH}_3\text{CO}_2^-\]):
- The central carbon atom is double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom bearing a negative charge.
**c.** Propyl cation (\[\text{C}_3\text{H}_7^+\]):
- A positively charged carbon in a linear three-carbon chain.
**Instructions:**
1. Use arrows to show the flow of electrons.
2. Display all possible resonance structures.
3. Highlight shifts in electron pairs.
Each molecule/ion can have multiple resonance structures to illustrate electron delocalization, important for understanding chemical reactivity and stability.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F49f9d394-65f9-403f-909c-32dbefeb4065%2Fdb214973-a87d-42ae-a69b-71a6a97e07f1%2Fwteeaok_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
When all the properties of a molecule cannot be explained by a single structure, we draw more than one possible structure.
These more than one structure of a molecule is called resonating structure and the process is called resonance.
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