experiment: Torsion test Discussion: 1. Does plane section (square plane) on the surface of the circular shaft remain plane after loading for the shaft under torsion (compare between elastic and plastic deformation)? Justify your answer by drawing vertical and horizontal lines over the shaft length. 2. How is shear modulus related to Young's modulus? 3. Does the distance from the cross section neutral-axis effects the calculated shear stress? How? 4. Solid and hollow aluminum shaft with same outer diameter, which will twist more? Why?
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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