1. Does ginkgo improve memory? The law allows marketers of herbs and other natural substances to make health claims that are not supported by evidence. Brands of ginkgo extract claim to “improve memory and concentration." A randomized comparative experiment found no statistically significant evidence for such effects. The subjects were 350 healthy volunteers over 60 years old. They were randomly assigned to ginkgo or a placebo pill (a dummy pill that looks and tastes the same). All the subjects took a battery of tests for learning and memory before treatment started and again after six weeks. A. If the results were statistically significant, can the results of this study be generalized to a larger population? Can cause-and- effect be inferred? Explain. B. Explain why it is advantageous to use 350 volunteers in this study, rather than, say, 30 volunteers. C. Name a confounding variable that was controlled in this experiment and explain why it was beneficial to control that variable.

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1. Does ginkgo improve memory? The law allows
marketers of herbs and other natural
substances to make health claims that are not
supported by evidence. Brands of ginkgo
extract claim to "improve memory and
concentration." A randomized comparative
experiment found no statistically significant
evidence for such effects. The subjects were
350 healthy volunteers over 60 years old.
They were randomly assigned to ginkgo or a
placebo pill (a dummy pill that looks and
tastes the same). All the subjects took a
battery of tests for learning and memory
before treatment started and again after six
weeks.
A. If the results were statistically significant,
can the results of this study be generalized
to a larger population? Can cause-and-
effect be inferred? Explain.
B. Explain why it is advantageous to use 350
volunteers in this study, rather than, say,
30 volunteers.
C. Name a confounding variable that was
controlled in this experiment and explain
why it was beneficial to control that
variable.
Transcribed Image Text:1. Does ginkgo improve memory? The law allows marketers of herbs and other natural substances to make health claims that are not supported by evidence. Brands of ginkgo extract claim to "improve memory and concentration." A randomized comparative experiment found no statistically significant evidence for such effects. The subjects were 350 healthy volunteers over 60 years old. They were randomly assigned to ginkgo or a placebo pill (a dummy pill that looks and tastes the same). All the subjects took a battery of tests for learning and memory before treatment started and again after six weeks. A. If the results were statistically significant, can the results of this study be generalized to a larger population? Can cause-and- effect be inferred? Explain. B. Explain why it is advantageous to use 350 volunteers in this study, rather than, say, 30 volunteers. C. Name a confounding variable that was controlled in this experiment and explain why it was beneficial to control that variable.
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