1. Describe the common characteristic among the reactions catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ID), and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KD) based on reversibility.
Q: Which of the following reactions does NOT occur in the cytol (cytoplasm)? O generation of glycogen…
A: Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen. It results in the…
Q: Need help specifically with number 3
A: Exocrine glands secrete enzymes while Endocrine glands secrete hormones. Exocrine glands secrete…
Q: quadrant for several months. She visits her physician, who does an endoscopic exam to diagnose…
A: Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria that may invade our gut and may cause ulcers. It is a spiral…
Q: After an amino acid enters the cell, it can be used in which TWO of the following ways? (Must have…
A: An amino acid is an organic molecule consisting of a simple amino group (NH2), an acidic carboxyl…
Q: For the patient with ulcers, which of the following would be most concerning for the patient? O if…
A: The ulcers are found because of the infection of causative agent H. pylori.
Q: As you know, high levels of free cholesterol in the bloodstream leads to deposition of that…
A: A significant degree of cholesterol in the blood can end up being stored around the vessel lumen and…
Q: Removal of plaque by brushing is important because plaque causes stomach upset and ulcers O protects…
A: Plaque is a sticky, colorless or light yellow film that forms on your teeth on a regular basis.…
Q: All of the following statements regarding lipids are correct EXCEPT for O lipids contain less energy…
A: Lipids are on eof the macromolecule. It is found in the membrane of cell.
Q: A 4-year-old boy is brought to your clinic by a mother who recently immigrated to the United States.…
A: Edema is a condition, that results in swelling when too much fluid becomes trapped in the tissues of…
Q: Which muscles are used when performing the following actions? a. Raising your hand high over your…
A: Kindly repost the remaining questions which are not answered as a new question as we are supposed to…
Q: Name this part of the brain.
A: Introduction: The nervous system is categorized into the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the…
Q: All of the following are released by the exocrine pancreas EXCEPT for O enzymes that break down fats…
A: Pancreas plays an important role in changing the food we eat into fuel for the body cells.
Q: Item humbers 15 to 19. Refer to the figure below. (answers are in letters only) B A. B b a. B B A. a…
A: The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is known as…
Q: Given the following protein: N-MACHKGFDSTRRKYWQNKRLCVSA|IDWQSPWKNQGILV-C The overall charge of this…
A: (1)The ionizable groups in the given peptide at pH 7 are; N-terminal : it will have +1 charge…
Q: Although the data may be controversial, it is likely that an increase in which of the following in…
A: Colon or colorectal cancer is the malignant tumor that arises in the colon (inner wall of large…
Q: epport cach of following correct statements with appropriate rationale, stating why or in what way…
A: As per our policy, we are answering the first 3 questions only. For the rest of the questions,…
Q: A person who has gingivitis can lose their teeth if the inflammation and erosion destroys which of…
A: Normally the tooth is divided into 2 parts one is the crown and the other is the root. The crown is…
Q: The main difference between the post-absorptive state (4-24 hours after a meal) and the starvation…
A: Three main metabolic states are there in the body, that is, the absorptive (fed) state, the…
Q: Salivary secretions contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of which of the following? fats O…
A: Need to find which of the following is correct from the given 5 options regarding salivary enzymes.
Q: You are treating a 54-year-old man with a family history of high cholesterol. After placing him on a…
A: High total cholesterol in the blood has been connected with various lifestyle diseases including an…
Q: In a homeostatic loop, what is the function of the effectors? O They keep track of what the ideal,…
A: Hemostasis involves 3 components namely receptor, control center, and effector. These follow a…
Q: Which of the following regarding fat soluble vitamins is correct? O low reserve capacity,…
A: Vitamins are the organic molecules which are available in the various foods and are required by our…
Q: Which of the following are visible to the naked eye? O plica circularis O microvilli O goblet cells…
A: The mucosa of the intestine is specialized for absorption of nutrients from food, and movement of…
Q: The mouth is located to the ears. The elbow is located to the wrist.
A: It is important to direct others for the specific anatomical structures and therefore there are…
Q: A morbidly obese patient undergoes surgical intervention which includes gastric stapling and jejunal…
A: Bariatric surgery causes weight loss by restricting the amount of food the stomach can hold, causing…
Q: Answer please quickly questions asap
A: We can say that Blood consists of several types of cells, if blood is left undisturbed for an hour,…
Q: Need a help with following
A: Homeostasis refers to a state of maintaining a steady state of physical, chemical, and internal…
Q: Which list gives levels of biological organization, from the least complex to the most complex?…
A: Living organisms are classified into three major domains. They are Bacteria. Archae, and Eukarya.…
Q: A 37-year-old woman with three children reports pain in her upper right abdominal quadrant that…
A: Digestive system is system which helps in the digestion of the food we ingested. Digestion is a…
Q: Calculate the dose of ceftriaxone in mL for a 5-yr-old weighing 18 kg with meningitis. The dose…
A: Especially in the case of pediatric patients with life-threatening diseases like meningitis, nurses…
Q: 2. Draw the Fisher projection for the following amino acids: a. L-Threonine b. L-Phenylalanine C.…
A: Fischer projection is the two dimensional representation of a three dimensional molecule.
Q: ature is 98.7°F. Which of the following regarding your friends likely condition is correct? O heat…
A: Heat-related illnesses are caused when a person is exposed to high temperatures for a long period,…
Q: A 17-year-old male presents with abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. He says that this has…
A: Diseases that affect any section of the GIT (gastrointestinal tract), starting from the food pipe…
Q: A 62-year-old woman presents with jaundice. All of the following can lead to jaundice in this…
A: Jaundice is a condition in which there is abnormal increase of the bilirubin in the blood and causes…
Q: Need help with following
A: Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue,…
Q: 12 5 points Dosage compensation must occur when one sex has more copies of a gene or genes than the…
A: Dosage compensation is a process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members…
Q: (b) "Vitamin C can act as an antioxidant“ explain. Convert L- Ascorbic acid to (R) – glycerol…
A: Vitamin C is also known as L- ascorbic acid. It is a water soluble vitamin. It plays many important…
Need help with 1-6 please
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 1 images
- 2. (a) ( In contrast to the pyruvate dehydrogen- ase complex, the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (aKGDH) complex is not up- or downregulated by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. However, the complex exhibits cooperativity modulated by the presence of ADP, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and Ca2+, as illustrated by the diagram on the right for the bovine kidney enzyme complex. Note in the diagram how the addition of 10 μM Ca2+ shifts the affinity of the enzyme complex for aKG from 20 mM Pi/-Ca2+ to 20 mM Pi/+Ca2+. Calcium especially en- hances the cooperative influence of ADP and ATP. Using the expanded copy of the diagram at the end of the problem set, estimate the change in S0.5 (re- member that for allosteric enzymes S0.5 corresponds to KM of a nonallosteric enzyme) for the enzyme complex in the presence of 20 mM Pi/-Ca2+ and in the presence of 20 mM Pi/+Ca2+. Compare similarly the change in S0.5 for the enzyme in the presence of 20 mM Pi/-Ca2+ plus 1.6 mM ADP to the enzyme in the…In own words, give 5 or more reasons why most of the clinical features of the diseases a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fumarase deficiency involve muscle and nerve tissue? and explain those reasons.Because dichloroacetate inhibits the enzyme pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase, this compound has been used,with limited results, to treat lactic acidosis. The phosphorylation of the a-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenasecomponent of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex bypyruvate dehydrogenase kinase causes complete loss ofenzymatic activity. Describe the theory behind the clinicaluse of dichloroacetate.
- In own words, give 5 or more reasons why most of the clinical features of the diseases a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fumarase deficiency involve muscle and nerve tissue? and explain those reasons. Cite used references.. Briefly describe the biological rationale for cach of the following allosteric phenomena: (a) activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl-CoA; (b) acti- vation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase by NADH; (c) inhibition of isoci- trate dehydrogenase by NADH; (d) activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by ADP; (e) inhibition of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase by succinyl-CoA; (f) activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase by Ca*.. Identify the Krebs cycle enzyme which acts on a five-carbon substrate, produces a four-carbon product substituent (attached to coenzyme A), and generates one molecule of NADH. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase citrate synthase malate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase Which of the following enzymes consumes one molecule of NADH, during anaerobic fermentation in yeast, as it converts a two-carbon substrate molecule into a two-carbon product molecule? succinate dehydrogenase pyruvate decarboxylase C. isocitrate dehydrogenase lactate dehydrogenase alcohol dehydrogenase
- 7) What are the major pathways of glucose utilizations that are vary with physiological conditions, and organisms? (Describe the three possible fates of pyruvate) .Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(i) When there is a deficiency of thiamine, blood levels of pyruvate and a- ketoglutarate increase, especially after a high-glucose meal . Explain the observations mentioned. (ii) Explain how El of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated using covalent modification
- a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase Situational Problems I. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and the TCA cycle in muscles are stimulated by increased aerobic excrcise. These processes operate only when O, is present, although oxygen does not participate directly in these processes. Explain why oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is activated under aerobic conditions. For the answer: a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate complex (PDH) and its regulation; b) outline the intermediates and enzymes of the TCA cycle; c) explain the relationship between the reactions of PDH and the TCA cycle and the respiratory chain.25) Write down the two gluconeogenic reactions that allow the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase to be bypassed (Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).