1. Corrosion of still reinforcing bars is the most important durability problem for reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation of concrete results from a chemical reaction that lowers the pH value enough to to initiate corrosion. The table below shows a sample dependence of the strength in MPa (y) on the carbonation depth in mm (x) taken from a particular building.
1. Corrosion of still reinforcing bars is the most important durability problem for reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation of concrete results from a chemical reaction that lowers the pH value enough to to initiate corrosion. The table below shows a sample dependence of the strength in MPa (y) on the carbonation depth in mm (x) taken from a particular building.
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Kindly help me solve d) e) f) g). Answers for a) b) c) are in the picture attached I am aware as per policy you would solve only three, however only g) then would be remaining. So, I insist if you could help me solve all the four. Thank you!
![### Study on Corrosion Impact on Reinforced Concrete Structures
#### Introduction
Corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is a critical issue affecting the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation of concrete, resulting from a chemical reaction that lowers the pH to corrosive levels, is a key factor in this degradation process. Below, we present a data table that examines the relationship between concrete strength (in MPa) and carbonation depth (in mm) from a specific building sample.
#### Data Table
| Carbonation Depth (x) [mm] | Strength (y) [MPa] |
|----------------------------|--------------------|
| 8.0 | 22.8 |
| 15.0 | 27.2 |
| 16.5 | 23.7 |
| 20.0 | 17.1 |
| 20.0 | 21.5 |
| 27.5 | 18.6 |
| 30.0 | 16.1 |
| 30.0 | 23.4 |
| 35.0 | 13.4 |
| 38.0 | 19.5 |
| 40.0 | 12.4 |
| 45.0 | 13.2 |
| 50.0 | 11.4 |
| 50.0 | 10.3 |
| 55.0 | 14.1 |
| 55.0 | 9.7 |
| 59.0 | 12.0 |
| 65.0 | 6.8 |
#### Analysis
**a) Linear Regression Model**
Fit a linear regression model to the data provided. Estimate the expected value of the concrete strength when the carbonation depth is 25.0 mm.
**b) Significance of Regression**
Examine the significance of the regression using the t-test with a significance level of \(\alpha = 0.01\). Report the corresponding P-value.
**c) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)**
Use the ANOVA approach to evaluate the significance of the regression. Find and report the P-value. Compare the results with those from part (b).
**d) Validation of Model**
Test one additional sample with a carbonation depth of 25.0](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fc0d841ca-1ddf-4bff-9509-c2dd87e882e7%2Fea44b0b3-4bd7-43f3-99f4-bdbfbccf6733%2Fnr5hy4.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:### Study on Corrosion Impact on Reinforced Concrete Structures
#### Introduction
Corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is a critical issue affecting the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation of concrete, resulting from a chemical reaction that lowers the pH to corrosive levels, is a key factor in this degradation process. Below, we present a data table that examines the relationship between concrete strength (in MPa) and carbonation depth (in mm) from a specific building sample.
#### Data Table
| Carbonation Depth (x) [mm] | Strength (y) [MPa] |
|----------------------------|--------------------|
| 8.0 | 22.8 |
| 15.0 | 27.2 |
| 16.5 | 23.7 |
| 20.0 | 17.1 |
| 20.0 | 21.5 |
| 27.5 | 18.6 |
| 30.0 | 16.1 |
| 30.0 | 23.4 |
| 35.0 | 13.4 |
| 38.0 | 19.5 |
| 40.0 | 12.4 |
| 45.0 | 13.2 |
| 50.0 | 11.4 |
| 50.0 | 10.3 |
| 55.0 | 14.1 |
| 55.0 | 9.7 |
| 59.0 | 12.0 |
| 65.0 | 6.8 |
#### Analysis
**a) Linear Regression Model**
Fit a linear regression model to the data provided. Estimate the expected value of the concrete strength when the carbonation depth is 25.0 mm.
**b) Significance of Regression**
Examine the significance of the regression using the t-test with a significance level of \(\alpha = 0.01\). Report the corresponding P-value.
**c) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)**
Use the ANOVA approach to evaluate the significance of the regression. Find and report the P-value. Compare the results with those from part (b).
**d) Validation of Model**
Test one additional sample with a carbonation depth of 25.0

Transcribed Image Text:### Linear Regression Analysis Summary
#### Summary Output
**Regression Statistics:**
- Multiple R: 0.874973816
- R Square: 0.76559179
- Adjusted R Square: 0.750927877
- Standard Error: 2.864026013
- Observations: 18
**ANOVA Table:**
| Source | df | SS | MS | F | Significance F |
|--------------|----|--------------|---------------|-------------|------------------|
| Regression | 1 | 428.6154577 | 428.6154577 | 52.25332287 | 2.01347E-06 |
| Residual | 16 | 131.24232 | 8.202645003 | | |
| Total | 17 | 559.8577778 | | | |
**Coefficients Table:**
| Coefficients | Standard Error | t Stat | P-value | Lower 95% | Upper 95% | Lower 95.0% | Upper 95.0% |
|--------------|----------------|--------------|---------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|
| Intercept | 27.18293605 | 1.653148135 | 16.46105716 | 1.88128E-11 | 23.68223439 | 30.68363772 | 23.68223439 | 30.68363772 |
| x | -0.297561228 | 0.041164172 | -7.228645991 | 2.01347E-06 | -0.384825374 | -0.210297081 | -0.384825374 | -0.210297081 |
#### Analysis:
**(a)** The fitted linear regression model is: \(\hat{y} = 27.18 - 0.2976x\)
For a carbonation depth of 25.0 mm, substitute \(x = 25\) in the above equation:
\[ \hat{y} = 27.18 - 0.2976 \times (25) = 19.74 \text{ MPa}
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