1. Convert the given bearings to azimuths from north and compute the angle, smaller than 180°, between successive bearings. N27°50'05"E, S38°12'44"E, S23 16'22"W, and N73 14'30"w

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.