1. Calculate the VOH (the output potential when input is 0V) of the NMOS-only inverter shown below. Assume the following parameters for a 0.13µm technology, and use the following equation for Vr (threshold voltage) as a function of body (substrate bias). 2løpl = 0.88V,y = 0.2vž,v7 0.4V, VpD = 1.2V %3D Vr(VsB) = Vro + Y(/VsB + 2l$F] – V2l#Fl) VDD

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Latches and Flip Flop

Just like logic gates, the latches and flip-flops are the important elements of an electronic circuit. The logic gates form the important part of combinatorial circuits, while the latches and flip-flops form the essential part of a sequential circuit. Sequential circuits form the important concept of automata theory in electronics and electrical engineering, these circuits are a kind of logic circuit whose output depends on both present input and past inputs, that is, the input history.