1. Calculate the primary consolidation settlement of the 3-m-thick clay layer (see Figure below) that will result from the load carried by a 1.5-m square footing. The clay is normally consolidated. 1) Use 2:1 method and Simpson's rule for calculation of the average Ao' for the clay layer. 890 KN Dry sand Yary = 15.7 kN/m³ 3 m 1.5 m 3 m 1.5 m 1 Footing size 1.5 mx 1.5 m Groundwater table Ysat = 18.9 kN/m³ Clay Ysat 17.3 kN/m³ = 1.0 LL=40 2 vertical to 1 horizontal Aσ = qxBxL (B+z)(L+z) Foundation B xL 2 vertical to 1 horizontal Ag

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.