1. Assume that the retaining wall in the figure can yield sufficiently. Plot the distribution of pressure acting on the wall surface, as shown in Figure below. Calculate the total thrust on the wall and determine its point of application. Friction between retaining wall and backfill is neglected q= . kPa .... Y = 16 kN/m³ 3 m c = 0 water table (WT) o'= 35° Ysat= 19 kN/m³ 2 m c'= 17 kN/m³ o'= 30° ysat= 20 kN/m³ 3 m c'= 0 kN/m³ o'= 42° ysat= 21 kN/m³ 4 m /m³

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.