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1. Action potential down a neuron: For each step of an action potential, provide a brief summary of events, the particular membrane potential voltage number it should be, and which ion is moving in which direction.

1. Action potential down a neuron: For each step of an action potential, provide a brief summary of events, the particular membrane potential voltage number it should be, and which ion is moving in which direction.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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### Action Potential Down a Neuron **1. Overview:** The action potential is a critical process in neuron function, allowing the transmission of signals along the neuron. Below is a step-by-step description of the sequence of events during an action potential, the associated changes in membrane potential, and the movement of ions. **Diagram Explanation:** - **Neuron Image:** Shows a neuron highlighting the action potential pathway along the axon. - **Panels A to F:** Illustrate sequential stages of the action potential. **Panel A: Resting State** - **Summary:** The neuron is at rest. - **Membrane Potential:** Approximately -70 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Sodium (Na⁺) ions are outside the neuron, and potassium (K⁺) ions are inside. **Panel B: Depolarization Begins** - **Summary:** A stimulus triggers the opening of Na⁺ channels. - **Membrane Potential:** Begins to increase towards 0 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Na⁺ ions move into the neuron. **Panel C: Depolarization Continues** - **Summary:** More Na⁺ channels open, increasing the influx of Na⁺. - **Membrane Potential:** Approaches +30 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Increased inward Na⁺ flow. **Panel D: Peak of Action Potential** - **Summary:** The maximum Na⁺ inflow is reached. - **Membrane Potential:** Peaks around +30 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Na⁺ channels start to close; K⁺ channels begin to open. **Panel E: Repolarization** - **Summary:** K⁺ channels are fully open, allowing K⁺ to exit the neuron. - **Membrane Potential:** Begins to decrease back towards negative values. - **Ion Movement:** Outflow of K⁺ ions. **Panel F: Hyperpolarization and Return to Resting State** - **Summary:** K⁺ channels close slowly, causing temporarily more negative membrane potential. - **Membrane Potential:** Slightly more negative than -70 mV, returning to resting potential. - **Ion Movement:** K⁺ continues to move out; Na⁺/K⁺ pump restores original distribution. This cycle ensures the propagation of signals along the nerve fiber, essential for neuronal communication and function.
Transcribed Image Text:### Action Potential Down a Neuron **1. Overview:** The action potential is a critical process in neuron function, allowing the transmission of signals along the neuron. Below is a step-by-step description of the sequence of events during an action potential, the associated changes in membrane potential, and the movement of ions. **Diagram Explanation:** - **Neuron Image:** Shows a neuron highlighting the action potential pathway along the axon. - **Panels A to F:** Illustrate sequential stages of the action potential. **Panel A: Resting State** - **Summary:** The neuron is at rest. - **Membrane Potential:** Approximately -70 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Sodium (Na⁺) ions are outside the neuron, and potassium (K⁺) ions are inside. **Panel B: Depolarization Begins** - **Summary:** A stimulus triggers the opening of Na⁺ channels. - **Membrane Potential:** Begins to increase towards 0 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Na⁺ ions move into the neuron. **Panel C: Depolarization Continues** - **Summary:** More Na⁺ channels open, increasing the influx of Na⁺. - **Membrane Potential:** Approaches +30 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Increased inward Na⁺ flow. **Panel D: Peak of Action Potential** - **Summary:** The maximum Na⁺ inflow is reached. - **Membrane Potential:** Peaks around +30 mV. - **Ion Movement:** Na⁺ channels start to close; K⁺ channels begin to open. **Panel E: Repolarization** - **Summary:** K⁺ channels are fully open, allowing K⁺ to exit the neuron. - **Membrane Potential:** Begins to decrease back towards negative values. - **Ion Movement:** Outflow of K⁺ ions. **Panel F: Hyperpolarization and Return to Resting State** - **Summary:** K⁺ channels close slowly, causing temporarily more negative membrane potential. - **Membrane Potential:** Slightly more negative than -70 mV, returning to resting potential. - **Ion Movement:** K⁺ continues to move out; Na⁺/K⁺ pump restores original distribution. This cycle ensures the propagation of signals along the nerve fiber, essential for neuronal communication and function.
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